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利润损失不属于合同项下“应付或所欠”的款项(澳大利亚案例)

202054日,在Inghams Enterprises Pty Limited v Hannigan [2020] NSWCA 82 (04 MAY 2020)一案中,澳大利亚新南威尔士州最高法院(以下简称法院)认为,“合同项下(under the contract)”应付或所欠的款项与因法定救济之间的区别是公认的且有意义。违约所导致的约定损害赔偿(liquidated damages)是根据合同本身产生的赔偿权而可获得,违约所导致的非约定损害赔偿(unliquidated damages)是由法院根据普通法原则对违约所造成的损失进行评估的赔偿。在本案中,涉案仲裁条款规定将涉及“任何一方当事人在本协议项下应付和/或欠另一方当事人任何款项”的争议提交仲裁,一方当事人Mr Hannigan就另一方当事人Inghams的违约行为向其索赔利润损失,该利润损失的数额不是由当事人约定,而是由法院根据普通法原则进行评估,故并非在合同项下“应付和/或所欠”的款项,不属于仲裁条款的范围。

一、背景介绍

2015年,Inghams Enterprises Pty Limited Inghams)与Francis Gregory HanniganMr Hannigan)签订了一份养鸡合同(以下简称“《协议》”),约定Mr HanniganInghams处领取雏鸡,养大后返还给Inghams以换取“费用”。

201788日,Inghams声称终止《协议》并拒绝提供雏鸡。2017830日,Mr Hannigan向法院提起诉讼,要求宣布Inghams非法终止《协议》。Mr Hannigan在诉讼中未要求支付损害赔偿,但保留了该项权利。2019329日,Robb 法官经审理后作出判决,宣布Inghams错误地终止了《协议》。随后,2019617日,Inghams恢复供应雏鸡。

2019529日,Mr HanniganInghams发送通知,要求赔偿自Inghams声称终止《协议》之日至恢复供应之日因未供应雏鸡所导致的利润损失。2019828日至29日,当事人进行调解但未获成功。Mr Hannigan认为,《协议》第23.6规定将涉及“任何一方当事人在本协议项下应付和/或欠另一方当事人任何款项”的争议提交仲裁,根据该规定,其有权将争议提交仲裁。

Inghams向法院提起诉讼,请求法院宣布:(aMr Hannigan的索赔请求不属于《协议》第23条的范围;(b)即使属于,Mr Hannigan因提起2017年的诉讼而放弃将争议提交仲裁的权利。

初审法官认定,Mr Hannigan有权根据《协议》第23.6条将损害赔偿请求提交仲裁。

Inghams提起上诉,法院作出如下认定。

二、法院认定

法院要解决如下两个问题:(1)初审法官认定损害赔偿属于《协议》第23.6条的范围,可以提交仲裁,初审法官对《协议》第23.6条的解释是否正确(解释问题)。(2)初级法官认为Mr Hannigan未放弃根据《协议》第23.6条将争议提交仲裁的权利,该认定是否正确(弃权问题)。(The principal issues before the Court of Appeal were: 1. Whether the primary judge erred in his construction of cl 23.6 of the Agreement, in finding that the claim for damages fell within cl 23.6.1 and could be referred to arbitration (the construction issue); 2. Whether the primary judge erred in not finding that Mr Hannigan had waived his right to refer the dispute to arbitration, pursuant to cl 23.6 of the Agreement (the waiver issue).

《协议》第23.1条规定:“就本协议产生的争议(包括但不限于与任何违反或声称违反本协议,本协议任何条款的解释,关于一方当事人履行或遵守其在本协议项下义务的任何事宜,或一方当事人终止本协议或终止本协议的权利有关的任何争议),当事人不得开始法院程序,直到该当事人已经遵守第23条为止。(A party must not commence court proceedings in respect of a dispute arising out of this Agreement (“Dispute”) (including without limitation any Dispute regarding any breach or purported breach of this Agreement, the interpretation of any of its provisions, any matters concerninga party’s performance or observance of its obligations under this Agreement, or the termination or the right of a party to terminate this Agreement) until it has complied with this clause 23.

《协议》第23条第3款和第4款对争议的最初非正式调解和正式调解作出规定。

《协议》23.6条规定:“涉及任何一方当事人在本协议项下应付和/或欠另一方当事人任何款项的争议,包括但不限于附件1或第9.41011121315.3.3条项下费用的确定、调整或重新谈判事宜;和当事人未能在指定调解员后的28天内按照第23.4条解决争议,当事人必须(除非另有约定)将争议提交仲裁,聘用当事人同意的外部仲裁员(不得与调解员为同一人),如果没有达成协议,则由仲裁机构主席指定。”

If: 23.6.1 the Dispute concerns any monetary amount payable and/or owed by either party to the other under this Agreement, including without limitation matters relating to determination, adjustment or renegotiation of the Fee under Annexure 1 or under clauses 9.4, 10, 11, 12, 13and 15.3.3; and

23.6.2 the parties fail to resolve the Dispute in accordance with Clause 23.4 within twenty eight (28) days of the appointment of the mediator

then the parties must (unless otherwise agreed) submit the Dispute to arbitration using an external arbitrator (who must not be the same person as the mediator) agreed by the parties or, in the absence of agreement, appointed by the Institute Chairman.”

关于《协议》第23.6条的解释问题,法院的多数意见认为,初审法官对《协议》第23.6条的解释有误。涉案争议的标的是基于Inghams违反《协议》第3.1条规定的义务而提出的对非约定数额损害赔偿(unliquidated damages)的索赔。这并非是对Inghams在《协议》明示或默示条款下“应付”或“所欠”Mr Hannigan的款项的索赔。该争议也不影响或涉及在该条款下“应付”或“所欠”的任何款项的谈判、调整或确定。

The subject matter of the notified dispute is a claim for unliquidated damages for breach of Inghams’ obligation under cl 3.1. It is not a claim to or about an amount “payable” or “owed” by Inghams to MrHannigan under an express or implied term of their agreement. Nor is it a dispute which affects or relates to the negotiation, adjustment or determination of any amount “payable” or “owed” under such a term.

法院援引Rotheberger Australia PtyLtd v Poulsen [2003]NSWSC 788案和Galafassi v Kelly (2014) 87 NSWLR 119案认为(多数意见),“合同项下”应付或所欠的款项与因法定救济之间的区别是公认的且有意义。约定损害赔偿(liquidated damages)是根据合同本身产生的赔偿权而可获得的,违约所导致的非约定损害赔偿(unliquidated damages)是由法院根据普通法原则对违约所造成的损失进行评估的赔偿。此种区别已被认为是一种有必要维持的区别。The distinction between monetary amounts which are payable or owed “under acontract” and remedies which arise by operation of law is a recognised and meaningful one. Whereas ‘liquidated damages’ are recoverable in satisfaction of a right of recovery created by the contract itself and accruing by reason of breach, unliquidated damages for breach of contract are compensation assessed by the court in accordance with common law principles for loss occasioned by breach: Rotheberger Australia Pty Ltd vPoulsen [2003] NSWSC 788 at [27](Barrett J); Galafassi v Kelly (2014) 87 NSWLR 119 at [178] (Gleeson JA,Bathurst CJ and Ward JA agreeing). That distinction has been endorsed as one which it is “essential” to maintain: Galafassiat [177].

由此可以推知(Bell法官持异议意见),Mr Hannigan所提出的违约索赔是针对Inghams违反供应雏鸡的一般义务而提出的非约定损害赔偿请求,并不涉及根据《协议》Inghams应付或所欠的金额,该争议不属于《协议》第23.6.1条的范围,在没有任何特别协议的情况下,不得提交仲裁。因此,初审法官的相反意见有误。(For the reasons which follow it is my view that Mr Hannigan’s claim for breach of Inghams’ general obligation to supply chickens (cl 3.1) is not a dispute within cl 23.6.1 and accordingly not one which must, in the absence of any ad hoc agreement, be submitted to arbitration. The primary judge erred in concluding otherwise:Inghams Enterprises Pty Ltd v Francis Gregory Hannigan [2019] NSWSC 1186.

由于涉案争议无需提交仲裁,因此没有必要考虑Hannigan是否放弃仲裁权的问题。如果要考虑该问题,法院的法官一致认为,Mr Hannigan没有放弃将争议提交仲裁的权利。在2017年的诉讼中,Mr Hannigan并未明确放弃在未来的某个时间对损害赔偿问题进行仲裁。此外,《协议》第23.11条授权当事人向法院寻求紧急宣告性救济,2017年诉讼所寻求的救济可作如此描述。

综上所述,法院的多数意见认为,涉案关于利息损失的非约定损害赔偿争议不属于《协议》第23.6.1条的仲裁协议的范围。因此,法院支持了Inghams的上诉请求,推翻了初审法官的命令并宣布Mr Hannigan的索赔请求不属于《协议》第23条的范围,Mr Hannigan不能将该请求提交仲裁。

与此同时,Bell法官持异议意见认为初审法官对《协议》第23.6条的解释无误。该法官认为,判例允许对争议解决条款进行广义而自由的解释,《协议》的措辞表明当事人有意对该条款进行广义解释。因此,涉案争议确实属于《协议》第23.6.1条的范围,Mr Hannigan不能将该争议提交仲裁。

三、评论

根据当事人是否在合同中作出约定,违约损害赔偿可以区分为约定损害赔偿(liquidated damages)和非约定损害赔偿(unliquidated damages)。约定损害赔偿是根据合同本身产生的赔偿权而可获得,非约定损害赔偿是由法院根据普通法原则对违约所造成的损失进行评估的赔偿。虽然非约定损害赔偿可以根据合同的履行情况来量化,但支付非约定损害赔偿的义务的实际来源并不包含在合同中,而是由于违约行为在法律上产生的义务。前者是根据合同获得赔偿权,后者是根据法律救济获得赔偿权。二者的区别是公认且有意义的。

在本案中,涉案仲裁条款的措辞凸显出这种区别的重要性。当事人在仲裁条款中约定将涉及“任何一方当事人在本协议项下应付和/或欠另一方当事人任何款项”的争议提交仲裁,根据该措辞,约定损害赔偿属于仲裁条款的范围,而非约定损害赔偿则不属于。Mr HanniganInghams的违约行为向其索赔利润损失,由于利润损失的数额不是由当事人约定,而是由法院根据普通法原则进行评估,故并非在合同项下“应付和/或所欠”的款项,不属于仲裁条款的范围。

当然,在本案中,一名法官持异议意见,认为判例允许对争议解决条款进行广义而自由的解释,《协议》的措辞表明当事人有意对该条款进行广义解释,利润损失索赔属于合同项下应付和/或所欠的款项,属于仲裁条款的范围。这方面的争论还会继续,我们期待有更多的判例来阐明这个问题。