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英国法院针对怠于履行判决的债务人作出资产冻结令(英国案例)

2020129日,在Ivanhoe Mines Ltd v Gardner [2020] EWHC 144 (Comm)一案中,英格兰与威尔士高等法院(以下简称法院)认为:债务人Gardner试图让债权人Ivanhoe难以与之联系并逃避法院命令;在Gardner的净资产远超过判决债务的情况下,Gardner没有为履行判决做出任何努力,也没有主动采取任何步骤来表明履行判决的意图;尽管Gardner的资产清单确实记录了大量资产,但其中相当一部分资产可以随时转移或流失。基于如上事实的累加,法院认定存在资产流失的真实风险,且继续执行禁令公正和方便,故支持了Ivanhoe的申请,准予继续执行全球冻结令。

一、背景介绍

涉案争议源于一份于2008710日作出的合意仲裁裁决。根据该裁决,Gardner同意支付一家名为GBSA的南非公司的税款。随后,当事人就税务问题产生进一步争议,致使Ivanhoe在英格兰提起诉讼程序。200917日,英格兰法院根据当事人的调解结果作出一项命令(Tomlin命令)。根据该命令,在发生某些情况时,Gardner将有责任向Ivanhoe支付一笔款项。

2018年,Ivanhoe声称付款责任已经产生,并向法院申请执行Tomlin命令。20181123日,Teare法官作出对Gardner不利的缺席判决(第一次判决),要求GardnerIvanhoe支付558,392.73英镑。

在得知缺席判决后,Gardner以未获悉存在庭审而缺席庭审为由申请撤销判决。20191122日,Teare法官驳回了Gardner的撤销申请(第二次判决)。

在第二次判决作出后,Gardner没有寻求上诉许可,也没有采取任何措施来履行判决或诉讼费命令。相反,Gardner20191212日给Teare法官和Ivanhoe的律师写了一封他称之为“私人信件”的信,在信中明确表达了对判决的不满,并威胁要在西班牙提起进一步诉讼。

202017日,Ivanhoe向法院申请全球冻结令并获批准,禁令的归还日(return date)为2020117日。在本案中,Ivanhoe请求继续执行禁令,并申请各种形式的辅助救济。Gardner则反对继续执行禁令,并主张如果继续执行禁令,则要求法院在某些方面变更其条款。

法院对Ivanhoe的申请作出如下认定。

二、法院认定

1. 关于判决后冻结令救济的检验标准

判决后冻结令救济的检验标准不存在争议。就本案而言,只要注意到法院需要解决的以下两个事项:(1)是否存在真实的资产流失的风险;(2)继续执行禁令是否公正和方便。(There was no dispute as to the test for post-judgment freezing order relief. It is sufficient, for present purposes, to note that the only two matters in issue before me were: i) whether a real risk of dissipation had been made out; and ii) whether it is just and convenient to continue the Injunction.

在资产流失风险的问题上,双方当事人都援引Males法官在National Bank Trust v Yurov & ors [2016] EWHC 1913案中所总结的原则:“根据这些判例,我同意被申请人所提出的且银行未反对的7个如下立场:(1)申请人必须证明存在真正的风险,即由于对被申请人资产的不当处理,针对被申请人的判决可能无法被执行。(2)只有存在确凿的证据时才能证明这种风险,纯粹的推测或概括性的断言是不够的。(3)仅仅基于被申请人不诚实的指控是不够的,还有必要审查证据以确定不诚实问题是否能证明资产有可能流失的结论。(4)相关的调查是目前是否存在资产流失的风险,过去的事件可能具有证据相关性,但前提是它们能证明当前持有的资产存在流失风险。(5)被申请人资产的性质、位置和流动性是重要的考量因素。(6)资产是否已经有担保或无法处理及其程度也是相关因素。(7)被申请人对申索或对预期的申索的回应也需考虑。”

On the issue of risk of dissipation, both parties referred me to the summary of the principles given by Mr Justice Males in National Bank Trust v Yurov & ors [2016] EWHC 1913 at[70]:

“Based on these authorities, the defendants advance seven propositions which the bank does not dispute and which I accept.They were as follows:

a. The claimant must demonstrate a real risk that a judgment against the defendant may not be satisfied as a result of unjustified dealing with the defendant's assets.

b. That risk can only be demonstrated with solid evidence; mere inference or generalised assertion is not sufficient.

c. It is not enough to rely solely on allegations that a defendant has been dishonest; rather it is necessary to scrutinise the evidence to see whether the dishonesty in question does justify a conclusion that assets are likely to be dissipated.

d. The relevant inquiry is whether there is a current risk of dissipation; past events may be evidentially relevant, but only if they serve to demonstrate a current risk of dissipation of the assets now held.

e. The nature, location and liquidity of the defendant's assets are important considerations.

f. Whether or to what extent the assets areal ready secured or incapable of being dealt with is also relevant.

g. So too is the defendant's behaviour in response to the claim or anticipated claim.”

众所周知,判决后冻结令救济的申请人仍然必须证明执行判决所针对的资产存在不合理流失的真实风险,从而导致判决无法执行。判例表明,判决后的冻结令申请比判决前的冻结令申请更容易满足该要求,例如Orwell Steel (Erection and Fabrication) Ltd v Asphalt andTarmac (UK) Ltd [1984] 1 WLR 1097, 1100案和Great Station Properties SA v UMS Holdings Ltd [2017] EWHC 3330 (Comm)案。但是,最终仍然有必要考虑案件事实。(It was common ground that an applicant for post-judgment freezing order relief must still establish a real risk of an unjustified dissipation of assets against which the judgment might be enforced, such that the judgment might go unsatisfied. There are statements in the authorities which suggest that this requirement may be easier to meet in an application for a post-judgment freezing order than for a pre-judgment order, for example Mr Justice Farquharson inOrwell Steel (Erection and Fabrication) Ltd v Asphalt and Tarmac (UK) Ltd [1984] 1 WLR 1097, 1100 and Mr Justice Teare in Great StationProperties SA v UMS Holdings Ltd [2017] EWHC 3330 (Comm) at [63]. However,it is ultimately necessary to consider the facts of each case.

2. 是否能够证明存在资产流失的真正风险

法院认为,基于如下事实的累计效果,可以证明存在资产流失的真正风险。

首先,如Teare法官在第二次判决中所认定,Gardner试图“让他的债权人难以与之联系”并“逃避法院命令”。一个试图使债权人难以向其追偿,尤其要使债权人难以对其提起法律诉讼的债务人,很可能倾向于继续这些努力,以避免在判决之后的阶段清偿债务。

其次,Gardner没有为履行第一次或第二次判决做出任何努力,也没有主动采取任何步骤(例如提出还款安排)来表明他有意履行判决。Gardner提供的资产清单显示其净资产远超过判决债务。Gardner显然愿意迫使Ivanhoe在执行他的西班牙资产时承担执行程序的费用(这将对Gardner产生额外的费用负担),与此同时允许利息以每年8%的速度累积,而不愿意以其资产履行判决。(Mr Gardner has been willing to expend considerable sums in applying to set aside the Injunction which might have gone towards the payment of the judgments. Mr Gardner is apparently willing to force Ivanhoe to undertake the expense of an execution process against his assets in Spain (which would generate additional costs liabilities for Mr Gardner), and allow interest to accumulate on the judgments at the rate of 8% per annum while that process is underway, rather than use his assets to discharge the judgments.

再次,尽管Gardner的资产清单确实记录了大量资产,但其中相当一部分资产可以随时转移或流失。

此外,在考虑价值相对较低的申索或判决时,如果有些资产存在流失的真实风险,即使有其他资产更难流失但会将使申请人面临更繁重的执行工作,法院也有权认定存在资产流失的真实风险。(Further, particularly when considering a claim or judgment with a relatively low value, the Court is entitled to find a risk of dissipation is made out where there are assets which there is a real risk of the respondent dissipating, even if there are other assets which it would be more difficult to dissipate, but which would involve the claimant in a more onerous enforcement effort: see for example StrongholdInsurance Company Limited v. Overseas Union Insurance Ltd(1995) CLC 1268.

3. 继续执行禁令是否公正和方便

在这方面,Gardner的律师提出了两个主张:(1)缺乏资产流失的真正风险,这一点法院已经分析过;(2Ivanhoe获得禁令的目的不在于执行第一和第二次判决,因为他没有采取任何措施来执行这些判决,而是将其作为向Gardner施压的一种手段。

法院承认,判决后冻结令的目的是防止可能被强制执行的资产流失,而不是(例如)迫使判决的债务人支付债务。但是,法院表示在本案中无法推断出Ivanhoe获取冻结令是出于合法目的之外的理由(However, I see no basis for inferring that Ivanhoe obtained the Injunctionfor anything other than a legitimate purpose in this case)。在提供资产清单以回应禁令之前,Ivanhoe所知道的唯一财产是Gardner的家。另外,考虑到相对较低的判决价值,以及不成比例的执行费用,在Gardner撤销第一次判决的尝试失败后以及在西班牙产生执行费用之前,Ivanhoe期待Gardner能够自愿支付款项的想法无可厚非。在Gardner披露了足以支付判决的资产,但拒绝这样做的情况下,法院接受Ivanhoe的证据认为其有意执行判决。(Further, given the relatively low value of the judgment, and the disproportionate costs of the enforcement process, Ivanhoe cannot be criticised for waiting to see if Mr Gardner would pay voluntarily if his attempts to set aside the First Teare Judgment failed before it incurred the expense of enforcement in Spain. In circumstances in which Mr Gardner has disclosed sufficient assets to pay the judgments, but is refusing to do so, I accept Ivanhoe's evidence through its solicitor that it intends to enforce the judgments.

综上所述,法院认为,本案存在资产流失的真实风险,且继续执行禁令公正和方便,故支持了Ivanhoe的申请,准予继续执行全球冻结令。对于Ivanhoe所申请的辅助救济,法院一一作出认定,此处不再详述。

三、评论

批准全球冻结令须满足两个条件:(1)存在真实的资产流失的风险;(2)批准禁令公正且方便。法院基于本案事实的累计效果,认为存在资产流失的真正风险。值得注意的是,法院在本案中表示,在考虑价值相对较低的申索或判决时,如果有些资产存在流失的真实风险,即使有其他资产更难流失但会将使申请人面临更繁重的执行工作,法院也有权认定存在资产流失的真实风险。