2020年1月16日,在Trans-Oil International SA v Savoy Trading LP & Anor [2020] EWHC 57 (Comm)一案中,英格兰与威尔士高等法院(以下简称法院)认为,无论是根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条还是根据第62.5条,由于Melynkov先生不是涉案合同及其仲裁协议的当事人,法院不具有对Melynkov先生下达资产冻结令的管辖权。因此,法院驳回了申请人所提出的将Melnykov先生列入冻结令的请求。对于申请人所提出的将Melnykov先生的名字列在现有冻结令的受罚通知书上(penal notice of the existing freezing order)的替代性请求,法院认为《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条不适用于合伙企业,故驳回了申请人的替代性申请。
一、背景介绍
2019年5月16日,Melnykov先生(第二被申请人)代表Savoy Trading(第一被申请人)与Trans-Oil(申请人)签订了小麦销售合同。合同中并入了GAFTA 49格式,并约定争议应根据GAFTA第125号仲裁规则通过仲裁解决。
2019年7月19日,申请人收到一封电子邮件,声明Savoy Trading不能履行合同义务。2019年8月1日,申请人通过其律师向Savoy Trading、Melnykov先生和Falchenko先生送达仲裁通知。Savoy Trading和Melnykov先生都没有参与仲裁。目前尚未指定仲裁员。
Savoy Trading是一家苏格兰有限合伙企业。申请人通过其律师得知有一份针对Savoy Trading的裁决于2019年4月9日作出,根据该裁决,Savoy Trading的财产被接管,一名破产执行人被委任为受托人。
申请人请求法院签发针对Savoy Trading的全球冻结令,并请求下令要求Savoy Trading披露在司法管辖区内外的资产。2019年10月2日,Teare 法官签发了针对Savoy Trading的全球冻结令,经过禁令归还日(return date)的庭审,2019年10月18日,Knowles法官下令继续执行全球冻结令。Teare法官还向Savoy Trading下达命令,要求披露价值超过5000英镑的所有资产。
2019年10月12日,Melnykov先生作出宣誓以回应Teare法官的命令,尽管他在该宣誓词中提供了某些信息,但他明确表示不同意法院的管辖权。
2019年12月16日,申请人请求变更2019年10月18日的全球冻结令。具体而言,申请人请求将Melnykov先生列入冻结令(2019年10月18日的全球冻结令仅针对第一被申请人Savoy Trading),或者将其名字列在现有冻结令的受罚通知书上(penal notice of the existing freezing order)。
法院对申请人的上述申请作出如下认定。
二、法院认定
法院指出,在审议本案申请的实体问题之前,必须先处理管辖权问题,即鉴于无人主张有任何证据表明Melnykov先生在司法管辖区内有任何业务或资产,法院是否有权对Melnykov先生下达冻结令。(However before considering the substantive application, it seems to me that the court must first address whether it has jurisdiction to make a freezing order against Mr Melnykov given that it is not asserted that there is any evidence before the court that he has any presence or assets in the jurisdiction.)
1. 《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条的管辖权
《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条规定:“在第6.32条或第6.33条规则不适用的任何法律程序中,如果《实务指导6B》第3.1条所述的任何理由适用,申请人经法院许可可以将申请表送达司法管辖区以外的地方。”《实务指导6B》第3.1条规定:“经法院根据第6.36条许可,申请人可以向司法管辖区外送达申请表:(1)……(2)申请是为了获得一项禁令,命令被申请人在司法管辖区内做或不做某一行为。(3)申请是针对某人(被申请人)作出,而申请表已送达或将送达(除根据本款之外)该人,以及(a)申请人和被申请人之间存在真实的争议焦点,法院有理由进行审理,(b)申请人希望将申请表送达该申请的必要或适当当事人的另一个人……(6)申请是根据一份合同作出,该合同……(c)受英国法管辖。”
(CPR 6.36 states:
"In any proceedings to which rule 6.32 or 6.33 does not apply, the claimant may serve a claim form out of the jurisdiction with the permission of the court if any of the grounds set out in paragraph 3.1 of Practice Direction 6B apply."
CPR 6.37 states:
"(1) An application for permission under rule 6.36 must set out -
(a) which ground in paragraph 3.1 of Practice Direction 6B is relied on;
(b) that the claimant believes that the claim has a reasonable prospect of success; and
(c) the defendant's address or, if not known, in what place the defendant is, or is likely, to be found.
(2) Where the application is made in respect of a claim referred to in paragraph 3.1(3) of Practice Direction 6B, the application must also state the grounds on which the claimant believes that there is between the claimant and the defendant a real issue which it is reasonable for the court to try."
PD6 3.1 provides, so far as material:
"3.1 The claimant may serve a claim form out of the jurisdiction with the permission of the court under rule 6.36 where-
(1)…
(2) A claim is made for an injunction ordering the defendant to do or refrain from doing an act within the jurisdiction.
(3) A claim is made against a person ('the defendant') on whom the claim form has been or will be served (otherwise than in reliance on this paragraph) and -
(a) there is between the claimant and the defendant a real issue which it is reasonable for the court to try; and
(b) the claimant wishes to serve the claim form on another person who is a necessary or proper party to that claim.
(4)…
(6) A claim is made in respect of a contract where the contract -
(a)…
(c) is governed by English law; …")
申请人依据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条确立管辖权的真正目的是,由于产生争议的合同适用英国法律,并且Melnykov先生对合同负有“可论证的个人责任”, Melnykov先生可以被纳入仲裁范围,因此《民事诉讼规则》的《实务指导6B》第3.1(6)(c)条也被纳入仲裁范围。(The real thrust of the applicant's case for establishing jurisdiction pursuant to CPR6.36 appears to be the submission that there is jurisdiction over Mr Melynkov because the contract under which the dispute has arisen is English law and that because he is "arguably personally liable" on the contract, he can be brought within the scope of the arbitration and thus CPR PD6B 3.1(6)(c).)
法院注意到,在这种情况下,法院必须采用的检验标准是“有良好的可论证的主张”,意味着一方对现有材料有更好的论点。(I note that the test which the court has to apply in this context is that of "good arguable case" meaning that one side has a much better argument on the material available: DTEK Trading SA v Morozov [2014] EWHC 94 at [17].)
随后,法院审议了申请人的另一个依据,即申请人认为Melnykov先生对合同负有“可论证的个人责任”。
在这方面的其中一个理由是,根据苏格兰法,没有受托人的允许,Savoy Trading不能签订要求信贷的合同,由于没有得到这样的许可,Melnykov先生签订了他无权签订的合同。法院认为,没有证据表明合同涉及获得信贷,故无法证明存在此类违法行为。即使合同涉及获得信贷,从所提交的证据——苏格兰律师出具的法律意见书来看,也无法认定Melnykov先生对合同负有个人责任,要使Melnykov先生对合同负责,必须先刺破公司面纱,而苏格兰律师表示,根据他所知道的事实,这不太可能。
申请人根据一份日期为2014年7月23日的《声明》认为,Melnykov是Savoy Trading的受益所有人,并对Savoy Trading拥有重要控制权,因此,Melnykov先生是“真正的委托人”,也是合同当事人。对此,法院认为,与申请人签订合同的是Savoy Trading。合同由Melnykov先生签署及其拥有Savoy Trading的授权委托书的事实,并不能使本案符合申请人所依赖的原则。(The fact that the contract was signed by Mr Melnykov and that he had a power of attorney for Savoy Trading, does not in my view bring this case within the principle relied upon by the applicant.)
法院认为,即使在证据上可以说有一个良好的可论证的主张,这一法律立场还远未确立。法律论点必须“有适当的可论证性”且“有合理的成功前景”。要使法院根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条具有管辖权,如果某人不是合同当事人,申请人将仲裁通知送达给该人是不够的。法院必须确信,有良好的可论证的主张认为Melnykov是合同当事人(或可能就此承担个人责任)。在本案中,申请人未能完成举证,故法院不能根据《实务指导6B》第3.1.6(c)条行使管辖权。(In my view, in order for the court to have jurisdiction under CPR 6.36, it is not enough for the applicant to serve a purported notice of arbitration on a person in circumstances where he is not a party to the contract containing the arbitration agreement. The court must be satisfied that there is a good arguable case that Mr Melnykov is a party to the contract (or possibly personally liable in respect thereof) and in my view the applicant has not shown a good arguable case that Mr Melnykov is a party to the contract, or personally liable on the contract, such as to give the court jurisdiction pursuant to the gateway in PD6B 3.1.6 (c).)
2. 《民事诉讼规则》第62.5条的管辖权
《民事诉讼规则》第62.5条规定:“(1)在下列情况下,法院可准许向司法管辖区外送达仲裁申请表:(b)申请是为了根据《1996年仲裁法》第44条作出命令;或(c)申请人(i)寻求其他救济或要求法院对影响仲裁(无论是否已开始)、仲裁协议或仲裁裁决的问题作出决定;和(ii)仲裁地在或将在司法管辖区范围内,或满足《1996年仲裁法》第2(4)条中的条件。”
Males 法官在Cruz City案中认定,根据《民事诉讼规则》第62.5(1)(c)条向司法管辖区外送达申请表只能针对仲裁协议当事人。该法官还审议了《1996年仲裁法》第44条和《民事诉讼规则》第62.5(1)(b)条并在附带意见中明确《1996年仲裁法》第44条不允许法院对非当事人作出命令。(In Cruz City, Males J held that service out pursuant to CPR 62.5(1)(c) is permissible only against a party to the arbitration agreement. He also considered section 44 of the Arbitration Act and CPR 62.5(1)(b) and expressed the view (obiter) that section 44 did not permit the Court to make orders against a non-party.)
申请人认为,是否可以根据第44条对第三方作出命令的问题仍存在争议,而且各判例之间存在冲突。法院指出,Sara Cockerill法官在DTEK案中已经审议过与此相同的主张,并表示同意Males法官的观点。
Cruz City案和DTEK案已经详细考虑了申请人所援引的判例,两名法官已经解释这些判例不具有说服力或不正确的理由。就为何法院不应遵循这两个判例,申请人没有提出实质性论点。因此,法院遵循Cruz City案和DTEK案的决定认为申请人没有证明存在良好的可论证的主张让法院根据《民事诉讼规则》第62.5条对Melynkov下达资产冻结令。(For the reasons discussed I follow the decision in Cruz City and DTEK and find that the applicant has not shown a good arguable case that the court has jurisdiction in the circumstances of this case to make a freezing order against Mr Melynkov pursuant to CPR62.5.)
3. 救济申请的实体问题
在得出缺乏管辖权的结论后,法院继续对救济申请的实体问题展开分析,即假设法院具有管辖权,是否应当对Melynkov下达资产冻结令。
根据现有证据,Savoy Trading通过电子邮件根本违反和/或放弃了合同,因此,关于违反合同存在良好的可论证的主张。然而,法院还必须确定签发资产冻结令是否公正和方便,尤其是申请人是否已证明被申请人的资产是否存在真实的流失风险。(On the evidence it seems to this court that Savoy Trading clearly repudiated and/or renounced the contract by its emails and thus there is a good arguable case for breach of contract. However the court also has to determine whether it is just and convenient and in particular whether the applicant has shown a real risk of dissipation by the respondent of his assets.)
申请人律师表示,之前支付给Savoy Trading的款项“可能”在Melnykov先生手中,Melnykov先生“可能已经拿走”这笔钱,因此法院应该推断Melnykov先生拥有资产。此外,该律师还指出,Melnykov先生曾在世界各地走动并为律师提供过指导,法院应推断Melnykov先生拥有资产。
法院认为,关于Melnykov先生的资产和资产流失的真正风险的证据过于薄弱。在资产和资产流失风险方面,Melnykov先生的立场与Savoy Trading不同,这并不意味着有针对Melnykov先生存在良好的可论证的主张。因此,法院不会行使自由裁量权下达针对Melnykov先生的资产冻结令。(The evidence in this matter as to the assets of Mr Melnykov and a real risk of dissipation by Mr Melnykov is in my view weak. (The position in relation to Savoy Trading was different as to assets and the risk of dissipation and does not mean that there is a good arguable case in relation to Mr Melnykov). Whilst the court accepts that evidence in these cases may of necessity be drawn by way of inference, there must be enough evidence to warrant the grant of what is a draconian order freezing the assets of a person and had it been necessary to decide the issue, in my view the court would not have exercised its discretion to grant the order against Mr Melynkov.)
随后,法院审理申请人所提出的替代性主张,即基于Melnykov先生是Savoy Trading“事实上”的普通合伙人/董事,将Melnykov先生的名字列在“现有冻结令的受罚通知书上”(have Mr Melnykov named personally in the Penal Notice)。
《民事诉讼规则》第81.4条规定:“(1)如果某人(a)根据判决或命令而须作出的行为没有在该判决或命令所规定的时间内作出;或(b)违背了不作某一行为的判决或命令,在符合《债务人法案》第18692和第18783条和本规则条款的前提下,判决或命令可以通过拘押令来强制执行。(3)如第(1)款所指人是公司或其他法人,可向该公司或法人的任何董事或其他高级人员发出拘押令”
(CPR 81.4 provides (sofar as material):
"(1) If a person -
(a) required by a judgment or order to do anact does not do it within the time fixed by the judgment or order; or
(b) disobeys a judgment or order not to do an act,
then, subject to the Debtors Acts 18692 and 18783 and to the provisions of these Rules, the judgment or order may be enforced by an order for committal.
(2) …
(3) If the person referred to in paragraph (1) is a company or other corporation, the committal order may be made against any director or other officer of that company or corporation.")
申请人承认Savoy Trading是合伙企业,但认为Melnykov先生应被视为类似于事实上的董事(《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条规则可延伸适用),并相应地适用规则。
法院认为,根据合伙的性质,单个合伙人须对违反命令承担责任(除非合伙具有独立的法律人格,或在有限合伙情况下的有限合伙人)。从所提交的材料和法庭上的证据来看,Savoy Trading作为一家苏格兰合伙企业是否具有独立的法律人格尚不明确。(However in my view it is in the nature of a partnership that the individual partners are liable for a breach of an order (other than where the partnership has separate legal personality, or in the case of a limited partnership, the limited partner) (Lindley & Banks on Partnership at13-12). It is unclear from the submissions and the evidence before the court whether as a Scottish partnership, Savoy Trading has separate legal personality.)
《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(1)条泛指“某人(a person)”。《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条则明确拘押令的对象只能是通过董事行动的公司实体。合伙企业(具有独立法人资格的除外)不符合要求。鉴于个人合伙人因其作为合伙人的地位而承担的责任,法院认为,《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条没有必要对合伙人的地位作出一般规定。法院承认,这可能不包括具有独立法人资格的合伙企业中的合伙人。但是,如果《民事诉讼规则》希望对无限和/或有限合伙关系中的合伙人作出规定,它可以像《民事诉讼规则》其他条款那样作出明确规定。(CPR 81.4 (1) refers generally to "a person". The provision in CPR 81.4 (3) deals expressly with corporate entities which can only act through its directors. This is not the case with a partnership (other than those with separate legal personality). Given the liability which attached to individual partners by virtue of their position as partners, it seems to me that there is no need for CPR 81.4(3) to address the position of partners generally. I accept however that this may not cover partners in partnerships with separate legal personality. However, it seems to me that should the CPR wish to address partners in unlimited and/or limited partnerships it would be open to do so, as it has done elsewhere in the CPR, by express provision.)因此,法院认为,《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条不适用于合伙企业,因此法院没有必要处理第二个问题,即是否将先例适用于董事,将《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条规则扩展到“事实上”的合伙人/董事。
综上所述,法院认为,无论是根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条还是根据第62.5条,法院都不具有对非合同当事人Melynkov先生下达资产冻结令的管辖权。即使假设法院具有管辖权,由于申请人所提交的关于Melnykov先生的资产和资产流失的真正风险的证据过于薄弱,故法院不会行使自由裁量权下达针对Melnykov先生的资产冻结令。至于申请人所提出的将Melnykov先生的名字列在“现有冻结令的受罚通知书上”的替代性主张,法院认为,《民事诉讼规则》第81.4(3)条不适用于合伙企业,故不能对Melnykov先生作出命令。
三、评论
本案的被申请人是一家有限合伙企业,Melnykov先生代表Savoy Trading与申请人签订了小麦销售合同。本案所涉及的问题是,是否可以向Melnykov先生下达资产冻结令。法院首先对管辖权问题展开分析。
法院认为,在根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条行使管辖权之前,法院必须确信,有良好的可论证的主张认为Melnykov先生是合同当事人(或可能就此承担个人责任)。在本案中,申请人未能完成举证,故法院不能根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条行使管辖权。
另外,Cruz City案和DTEK案已经明确,根据《民事诉讼规则》第62.5(1)(c)条向司法管辖区外送达申请表只能针对仲裁协议当事人。就为何法院不应遵循这两个判例,申请人没有提出实质性论点。由于Melnykov先生是合同及其仲裁协议的当事人,因此,法院遵循Cruz City案和DTEK案的决定认为申请人没有证明存在良好的可论证的主张让法院根据《民事诉讼规则》第62.5条对Melynkov下达资产冻结令。
因此,无论是根据《民事诉讼规则》第6.36条还是根据第62.5条,法院都不具有对Melynkov先生下达资产冻结令的管辖权。