2019年10月22日,在Monster Energy Company, FKA Hansen Beverage Company v City Beverages, LLC, DBa Olympic Eagle Distributing,Nos. 17-55813/17-56082一案中,美国第九巡回上诉法院(以下简称法院)认为,仲裁员在正式选定进行仲裁之前,为确保当事人了解仲裁员所披露的事项,仲裁员必须披露其在拟进行仲裁相关的仲裁机构中的所有权利益,以及这些机构与仲裁当事人之间的重要业务往来(如果有)。由于涉案仲裁员没有披露其在仲裁机构中的所有权利益,故仲裁裁决以及地区法院作出的确认裁决和授予裁决后费用的命令均应予以撤销。
一、背景介绍
2006年,City Beverages以Olympic Eagle的名义与Monster签订了《独家经销协议》,由Olympic Eagle经销Monster的产品,期限为20年。协议还允许Monster在支付买断费(severance fee)后无条件终止协议。8年后,Monster行使了协议终止权并同意向Olympic Eagle支付250万美元的协议买断费。
当事人就Olympic Eagle在华盛顿法下是否受到保护以及Monster无理由终止协议是否适当产生争议,随后当事人将争议提交奥克兰至JAMS仲裁。
在仲裁开始时,仲裁员提交了一系列披露声明,其中包括以下条款:“本人在JAMS执业。每一个JAMS中立者,包括本人在内,都对JAMS整体的财务成就享有经济利益。另外,由于JAMS的性质和规模,当事人应假定在JAMS执业的一个或多个其他中立者已经参与当事人、律师或保险人之间的仲裁、调解或其他争议解决程序,并可能在未来参与此种程序。”(I practice in association with JAMS. Each JAMS neutral, including me, has an economic interest in the overall financial success of JAMS. In addition, because of the nature and size of JAMS, the parties should assume that one or more of the other neutrals who practice with JAMS has participated in an arbitration, mediation or other dispute resolution proceeding with the parties, counsel or insurers in this case andmay do so in the future.)
最终,仲裁员在裁决中认为Olympic Eagle没有资格受到华盛顿法律的保护。
随后,Monster向美国加利福尼亚州中区地方法院(以下简称地区法院)请求确认仲裁裁决;Olympic Eagle则请求该法院撤销仲裁裁决。最终,地区法院确认了裁决。
OlympicEagle不服,认为仲裁员未充分披露其在JAMS的所有权利益,并以仲裁员存在明显偏见为由提起上诉。
二、法院认定
1. 管辖权和审查标准
根据《美国法典》第9编第16条和第28编第1291条,本案法院对本案上诉具有管辖权,对地方法院作出的确认裁决的命令进行重新审查(参见New Regency Prods., Inc. v. Nippon Herald Films, Inc., 501 F.3d 1101, 1105 (9th Cir. 2007)案)。
《联邦仲裁法》第9编第10(a)(2)条允许法院在“仲裁员……存在明显偏见(evident partiality)”的情况下撤销仲裁裁决。在本案中,Olympic Eagle基于仲裁员未充分披露其在JAMS的所有权利益请求撤销裁决。Monster则认为,地区法院已经正确地认定Olympic Eagle已放弃其论点,或者仲裁员已作出充分披露。对此,法院首先审查Olympic Eagle是否已经放弃明显偏见的主张,如果Olympic Eagle未放弃该主张,再继续审查案情。
2. 关于放弃主张
地区法院赞同Monster的观点认为,Olympic Eagle在首次得知潜在的“重复玩家”偏见和在仲裁员披露其在JAMS的经济利益时没有及时提出异议,故Olympic Eagle已经放弃了明显偏见的主张(The district court held, and Monster continues to argue, Olympic Eagle waived its evident partiality claim because it failed to timely object when it first learned of potential “repeat player” bias and the Arbitrator disclosed his economic interest in JAMS)。
法院曾经在Fidelity Federal Bank, FSB v. Durga Ma Corp. (Fidelity) 386 F.3d 1306, 1313 (9th Cir.2004) 案中审议了判断当事人是否放弃明显偏见主张所采用的解释性标准。在该案中,法院认为,不服的一方当事人已经得知被质疑的仲裁员可能是非中立的(鉴于选定仲裁庭的程序:各方当事人各选定一名仲裁员并由仲裁员选定第三名仲裁员),且该当事人未请求仲裁员作出披露或未对缺乏披露提出异议。鉴于这些事实,法院得出结论认为该方当事人已经放弃了偏见异议(There, we held that the disgruntled party was on notice that the challenged arbitrator may have been non-neutral given the process the parties employed to pick their arbitration panel: each party picked one arbitrator and the arbitrators picked the third. Moreover, the party had failed to request disclosures from the arbitrator or object to the lack of disclosures. Id. Given these facts, we concluded that the party had waived its partiality objection)。在该案之后,法院也曾审理了一些比本案情况更不复杂的案件,如:Johnson v. Gruma Corp., 614 F.3d 1062, 1069 (9th Cir.2010)案和Metalmark Nw., LLC v. Stewart, No. 06-35321, 2008 WL 11442024, at*1 (9th Cir. May 6, 2008) 案。
但是,与这些先前案件不同的是,本案的情况更类似于部分披露,即仲裁员在仲裁前披露了其在JAMS的“经济利益”,但Olympic Eagle并不知道这指的是所有权利益。虽然地区法院正确地指出所有权利益是一种经济利益,但关键问题在于,Olympic Eagle是否已经被推定得知仲裁员的潜在非中立性(Although the district court correctly noted that an ownership interest is “merely a type of economic interest,” the key issue is whether Olympic Eagle had constructive notice of the Arbitrator’s potential non-neutrality)。
法院认为,Olympic Eagle缺乏放弃主张所必须的推定知情。的确,Olympic Eagle知道仲裁员在JAMS中享有某种“经济利益”。但该仲裁员明确地将其在JAMS中的利益比作“每个JAMS中立者”都享有的对“JAMS的整体财务成就”的利益。该仲裁员还披露了其之前进行的直接涉及Monster并对其作出不利裁定的仲裁活动。这些披露信息只能暗示,该仲裁员与其他JAMS的仲裁员或雇员一样对JAMS的声誉和经济福利享有一般利益,且他唯一的经济利益就是他自己进行的仲裁(In context, these disclosures implied only that the Arbitrator, like any other JAMS arbitrator or employee, had a general interest in JAMS’s reputation and economic wellbeing, and that his sole financial interest was in the arbitrations that he himself conducted)。因此,即使Monster发送给JAMS的争议数量可以公开查询,但该信息本身不足以表明基于JAMS与Monster相关的业务总数,这个特定的仲裁员可能是非中立的(Thus, even if the number of disputes that Monster sent to JAMS was publicly available, that information alone would not have revealed that this specific Arbitrator was potentially non-neutral based on the totality of JAMS’s Monster-related business)。
一个至关重要的事实是,该仲裁员的所有权利益不能通过公开途径获知,也没有证据表明Olympic Eagle本可能在仲裁之前发现这个信息。事实上,JAMS一再阻挠Olympic Eagle努力获取有关JAMS所有权结构和仲裁员在仲裁之后利益的细节。因此,Olympic Eagle不能被推定得知仲裁员在JAMS的所有权利益。
另外,仲裁员具有调查和披露潜在冲突的义务。在本案中,涉案仲裁员在仲裁前无疑知道其在JAMS中的所有权利益,却并未作出披露。在这种情况下认定放弃主张将在最高法院长期要求全面披露的背景下“奖励隐瞒行为”(To find waiver in this circumstance would“‘put a premium on concealment’ in a context where the Supreme Court has long required full disclosure.”)(参见Tenaska Energy, Inc. v. Ponderosa Pine Energy, LLC, 437 S.W. 3d 518, 528 (Tex. 2014)案)。因此,法院认为,不能推定Olympic Eagle已得知仲裁员的潜在非中立性,故Olympic Eagle并未放弃明显偏见的主张。
3. 明显偏见
最高法院在Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 393 U.S. 145, 149 (1968)案中认为,如果仲裁员未能“向当事人披露任何可能造成偏见印象的交易”,则支持撤销仲裁裁决。该案法官还认为,当一名仲裁员“在一家与当事人进行了非琐碎业务的公司中享有实质利益时,必须披露这一事实”(when an arbitrator has a “substantial interest in a firm which has done more than trivial business with a party, that fact must be disclosed”)。这也是本案法院已经采用的规则(参见New Regency, 501 F.3d at 1107)。相比之下,法院还认为,如果“一方当事人与仲裁员之间存在‘长期的、减弱的或非实质性的联系’”,则不得基于明显偏见撤销裁决。
法院还援引New Regency案和Schmitz v. Zilveti案的判决表示,为支持撤销仲裁裁决,仲裁员未披露的在某个实体中的利益必须是实质性的,而该实体与仲裁当事人之间的业务往来必须是不平常的(Thus, under our case law, to support vacatur of an arbitration award, the arbitrator’s undisclosed interest in an entity must be substantial, and that entity’s business dealings with a party to the arbitration must be nontrivial)。
在本案中,仲裁员根据JAMS规则提交了披露声明。该仲裁员披露:在过去5年中,他曾为参与仲裁的一方当事人、公司或律师担任中立仲裁员;在过去2年中,一方当事人或律师曾经就潜在的雇佣与他或JAMS接洽;以及他“在JAMS执业。每一个JAMS中立者,包括本人在内,都对JAMS整体的财务成就享有经济利益(practice[s] in association with JAMS. Each JAMS neutral, including me, has an economic interest in the overall financial success of JAMS)”。该仲裁员还披露,他仲裁了Monster与一个分销商之间的另一项争议,最终作出对Monster不利的40万美元赔偿的裁决。但是,该仲裁员并未披露其在JAMS的所有权利益,以及JAMS与Monster的实质性业务联系。
法院需要进行两个层面的调查:一是确定仲裁员在JAMS中的所有权利益是否足够重要;二是JAMS与Monster是否进行了不平常的业务交易。如果这两个问题都是肯定回答,则该关系需要披露,并支持撤销裁决。
首先,作为JAMS的共同所有人,涉案仲裁员有权从JAMS的所有仲裁中获得一部分利润,而不仅仅包括其个人进行的仲裁。这种所有权利益大大超过了机构中所有中立者自然拥有的一般经济利益——因此是实质性的利益。其次,Monster的格式合同都指定奥兰治县JAMS仲裁,在过去5年中,JAMS已经为Monster管理了97起仲裁,平均每月超过一起。无论涉案仲裁员能够获得多少利润份额,这样的业务量绝非微不足道。这些事实表明,仲裁员“在JAMS享有实质利益,JAMS与Monster进行了不平常的交易”,这些事实建立了偏见印象,应予以披露,并因此支持撤销裁决。(In sum, these facts demonstrate that the Arbitrator had a “substantial interest in [JAMS,] which has done more than trivial business with [Monster]”—facts that create an impression of bias, should have been disclosed,and therefore support vacatur.)(参见Commonwealth Coatings,393U.S. at 151–52 (White, J., concurring))。
法院承认,之前的判例没有涉及仲裁员在其自身的仲裁服务中的利益。尽管如此,法院没有将仲裁员的机构与其他实体相区分,本案法院也没有任何理由将仲裁服务从Commonwealth Coatings案的原则中区分开来(We acknowledge that previous cases did not address an arbitrator’sinterest in his own arbitration service. Nonetheless, the Court did not distinguish between an arbitrator’sorganization and other entities, nor do we see any reason to insulate arbitration services from the principles that the Court articulated Commonwealth Coatings)。
从终局性的利益出发,仲裁裁决的司法审查往往不严格。然而,最高法院仍然明确支持司法强制执行仲裁员的披露义务。仲裁员有责任披露其在仲裁机构中的所有权利益,以及其机构与仲裁当事人之间的重要业务往来,这与Commonwealth Coatings案和本案法院先例的原则相符(In accordance with the interest offinality, judicial review of arbitration awards is often unexacting. However, the Supreme Court has nonetheless clearly endorsed the judicial enforcement of an arbitrators’ duty to disclose. Placing the onuson arbitrators to disclose their ownership interests in their arbitration organizations, and their organizations’nontrivial business dealings with the parties to the arbitration, is consistent with both the principles of Commonwealth Coatings and our court’sprecedents)。
虽然一名持异议意见的法官根据本案裁定提出了对仲裁裁决终局性的担忧,但是该法官正确地指出,适用的撤销仲裁裁决的时效只有3个月,这将限制本案裁定对最近仲裁的影响(参见:《美国法典》第9编第12条,以及Stevens v. Jiffy Lube Int’l, Inc., 911 F.3d 1249, 1251–52 (9th Cir. 2018案)。
如Commonwealth Coatings案的法院所言,“我们认为,仲裁员必须向当事人披露任何可能造成偏见印象的交易,这个简单的要求不会妨碍仲裁程序的有效性(We can perceive no way in which the effectiveness of the arbitration process will be hampered by the simple requirement that arbitrators disclose to the parties any dealings that might create an impression of possible bias)”。因此,法院认为,仲裁员在正式选定进行仲裁之前,为确保当事人接受仲裁员所告知的事项,仲裁员必须披露其在拟进行仲裁相关的仲裁机构中的所有权利益,以及这些机构与仲裁当事人之间的重要业务往来(如果有)(We thus hold that before an arbitrator is officially engaged to perform an arbitration, to ensure that the parties’ acceptance of the arbitrator isinformed, arbitrators must disclose their ownership interests, if any, in the arbitration organizations with whom they are affiliated in connection with the proposed arbitration, and those organizations’ nontrivial business dealings with the parties to the arbitration)。
综上所述,法院认为,鉴于仲裁员未能披露其在JAMS的所有权利益,再加上JAMS在过去五年中曾管理了97起2涉及Monster的仲裁,基于明显的偏见,有必要撤销仲裁裁决。因此,法院推翻了地区法院确认裁决的命令,撤销了仲裁裁决,并撤销了地方法院就Monster确认裁决的申请向其授予仲裁后费用的命令。(We conclude, given the Arbitrator’s failure to disclose his ownership interest in JAMS, coupled withthe fact that JAMS has administered 97 arbitrations for Monster over the past five years, that vacatur of the Award is necessary on the ground of evident partiality. We therefore reverse the district court and vacate the Award. We also vacate the district court’saward of post-arbitration fees to Monster for its petition to confirm the Award.)
三、评论
美国法院之前的判例并未涉及仲裁员就其自身的仲裁服务所享有的利益。本案法院确认,仲裁员在仲裁之前须披露:(1)仲裁员对主持仲裁的实体的所有权利益(如有),以及(2)主持仲裁的实体与一方或多方当事人以前是否有过重要的业务往来。一旦掌握了该信息,以及当事人在了解该信息之后就其可能希望提出的任何其他询问的答案,当事人可以就特定仲裁员是否可能保持中立作出决定。