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非欧盟成员国的投资者是否有权申请撤销欧盟指令(欧盟案例)

 

2020520日,在Nord Stream 2 AG and Nord Stream AG v Parliament and Council T-526/19 and T-530/19这两个案件中欧盟初审法院指出,由于Nord Stream 1Nord Stream 2管道的运营商都并不与本案的欧盟指令《指令2019/692》直接相关,因此即便该指令对其在欧盟境内的投资有直接影响,这二者也都不是申请撤销该指令的适格当事人。他们的正确做法应该是在投资所在国的德国提起诉讼,主张《指令2019/692》无效,而让德国法院通过向欧洲法院申请初步裁定以对该指令的效力进行认定。

 

此外,对于公众是否获取欧盟议会、理事会和委员会文件这点而言,即便欧盟本身有司法先例以及欧盟有公众获取欧盟议会、理事会和委员会文件方面的规定,法院仍然认为欧盟理事会完全有权主张其依赖于法律顾问建议而免责,并且欧盟理事会有权基于披露这些文件将破坏在欧盟国际关系上的公共利益而拒绝披露这些文件,从别处获取的这些文件也不能作为证据使用。

 

一、背景介绍

本案为两个案件,案件都为Nord Stream 2 AG and Nord Stream AG v Parliament and Council,但是案号不同,为T-526/19T-530/19。原告为Nord Stream 2 AGNord Stream AG,被告为欧盟议会和欧盟委员会。

 

本案涉及《指令2019/692》,该指令将原先的《指令2009/73》中的欧盟内部市场的天然气方面的某些规则扩展适用于第三国管道,以上两个公司主张这损害了他们的权益,因而对该指令提出异议。

 

Nord Stream AG是瑞士公司,而俄罗斯公司PJSC Gazprom持有该公司拥有51%的股份。Nord Stream AG拥有并负责Nord Stream 1的管道线路的运营,该管道线路连接俄罗斯的Vyborg与德国的Lubmin,并且离德国的Greifswald很近,于2012年施工完毕,运营期为50年。

 

Nord Stream 2 AG是瑞士公司,是俄罗斯公共公司Gazprom的全资子公司。Nord Stream 2 AG负责Nord Stream 2管道线路的规划、建设和运营,该管道线路与Nord Stream 1的管道线路相平行。在20171月时,Nord Stream 2 AG开始进行施工工作,将该管道线路的一部分管道用混凝土重新覆盖。

 

欧盟议会和欧盟理事会于2019417日通过了《指令2019/692》,该指令修订了关于天然气内部市场通用规则的《指令2009/73》。《指令2019/692》于2019523日生效,原则上将由成员国最迟在2020224日之前将《指令2019/692》转变为本国法律,而根据Nord Stream 2 AG的声明,在该指令生效之日,重新覆盖Nord Stream 2管道的施工工作已完成了95%

 

。本案中的涉案天然气传输线路位于欧盟成员国与非成员国之间的,但是有连接到欧盟成员国领土或领海的部分,而该指令适用于这部分。之前的《指令2009/73》与Nord Stream AG无关,所以该公司可以在不受欧盟法规约束的情况下在欧盟领土(领海)内的部分运营其双管道系统,但是《指令2019/692》修订了《指令2009/73》,所以在这以后Nord Stream AG可能就不能继续再这样了。这意味着依照该指令原告有义务使传输系统和传输系统运营商之间脱钩,并去找新的非歧视性的第三方的天然气传输和分配系统,对此适用已公布的关税税基。

Nord Stream AGNord Stream 2 AG向欧盟初审法院提起两起诉讼,一起为请求法院部废除《指令2019/692》的有关部分,即第49a)条(T-530/19案),另一起则为请求法院废除整个《指令2019/692》(T-526/19案)。只要其中一起成功则他们的目的就达到了。

 

Nord Stream 2 AG主张,新指令将导致其经营情况发生重大变化,理由是其必须出售整个Nord Stream 2管道线路或完全改变其组织和业务结构才能做到合规,而这在根本上削弱了其对这些基础设施进行融资的基础,而该融资与欧洲企业密切相关,因此Nord Stream 2 AG为适格当事人。

 

《指令2019/692》中有一项新规定,该规定要求国家行政机关最迟在2020524日之前对某些减免适用要求对出决定。Nord Stream AG则申请废除该规定,主张新指令规定的新义务将对其股东协议、公司章程、以及与该公司与Gazprom export LLC公司达成的天然气运输协议造成重大影响。

 

被告欧盟议会和欧盟委员会都主张原告不是适格当事人,并且二者在本申请中不具有法益。

 

二、法院认定

1、可受理性

欧盟初审法院(the General Court)认定这两个申请都不具有可受理性。

 

本案的关于可受理性方面的规定是《欧盟运行条约》(TFEU)第263条,该条规定任何自然人或法人可以在第一段和第二段规定的条件下,对针对该人的法案提起诉讼[(第一种情况)],或对对其有直接或个人的关切的法案提起诉讼[(第二种情况) ],或对与他们直接相关且无需采取执行措施的行政性法案提起诉讼 [(第三种情况)]'‘any natural or legal person may, under the conditions laid down in the first and second paragraphs, institute proceedings against an act addressed to that person [(first scenario)] or which is of direct and individual concern to them [(second scenario)], and against are gulatory act which is of direct concern to them and does not entail implementing measures [(third scenario)]’.)。

 

法院明确指出TFEU288条表明,欧盟指令是欧盟针对其成员国作出的,并且援引Microban International and Microban (Europe) v Commission, T-262/10案和其他案件指出,根据TFEU263条第4款,自然人或法人可以起诉是申请法院废除某项指令,但前提是该指令对其有直接或个人的关切(第二种情况),或者该指令是与他们直接相关且无需采取执行措施的行政性法案(第三种情况)(That said, under the third paragraph of Article 288 TFEU, a directive is addressed to the Member States. Thus, under the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU, natural or legal persons, such as the applicant, may bring an action for annulment against a directive, such as the contested directive, only if it is of direct and individual concern to them (the second scenario) or if it constitutes a regulatory act which is of direct concern to them and does not entail implementing measures (the third scenario))。

 

法院承认,虽然依照Piraiki-Patraiki and Others v Commission, 11/82等案,即使某个法案普遍适用于所有经济经营者,但对于某些特定经营者而言,他们与法案之间也可能有直接或个人的关切(even a legislative act which applies to economic operators generally may be of direct and individual concern to some of them for the purposes of that provision)。然而,法院认为,就二原告的适格性而言,该二原告与该指令之间并无直接或个人的关切。

 

法院的理由是,该指令需要成员国进行具体的执行,所以必须依赖执行该指令的成员国的具体国内措施才能确定本案的二原告这样的经营者主体是否承担《指令2009/73》项下的义务。依照Japan Tobacco and JT International v Parliament and Council, T‑223/01等案,欧盟成员国具有对某个经营者主体是否负有《指令2009/73》项下的义务作出决定的裁量权,而本案的有权作出决定的机关即是德国政府机关(Thus, in the present case, it is only through the intermediary of the national measures transposing the contested directive that the Member States, in this instance the Federal Republic of Germany in the applicant’s case, will adopt or have adopted that operators such as the applicant will be or are subject, under the conditions agreed on by those Member States, to obligations under Directive 2009/73 as amended by the contested directive (see, to that effect, orders of 10 September 2002, Japan Tobacco and JT International v Parliament and Council, T‑223/01, EU:T:2002:205,paragraph 47, and of 7 July 2014, Group’ Hygiène v Commission, T‑202/13,EU:T:2014:664, paragraphs 33 and 36).)。

 

此外,根据《指令2019/692》,在某些条件下,成员国国家行政机关可以决定就新的《指令2009/73》中的某些规定对主要的新天然气基础设施的适用进行豁免或者减免(First, contrary to what the applicant suggests, the contested directive does not compel the national regulatory authorities to require that requests for exemption or derogation be submitted before an investment decision is taken or before construction of the gas infrastructure concerned begins. Second, the decision to grant or refuse such an exemption or derogation is a matter for the national regulatory authorities, which act on the basis of the legislation transposing the contested directive. In addition, in that regard, those authorities have the option of attaching specific conditions to such exemptions or derogations, which it is for them to define.),另一方面,成员国国家行政机关可对成员国与第三国之间于2019523日之前修建完毕的天然气传输线行使这种豁免或者减免适用《指令2019/692》条文的权力(Indeed, such a derogation could be granted only if the gas infrastructure concerned was ‘completed before 23 May 2019’, which was not the case for Nord Stream 2.)。在执行这些规定方面,国家行政机关拥有广泛的裁量权以决定是否授予此类豁免或减免适用,以及该等豁免或减免适用需要遵循什么特定条件(In that regard, first, on the date the presentaction was brought, the Federal Republic of Germany had no such transposing measures. Second and in any event, contrary to the applicant’s assertions, it must be pointed out that, regarding the national transposing measures which were intended, by 24 February 2020 at the latest, to be adopted by the Member States and to make the obligations under Directive 2009/73, as amended by the contested directive, binding with regard to operators, those Member States had a margin of discretion in implementing the provisions of that directive.)。

 

Nord Stream AG而言,欧盟初审法院还认定,该修改之后的指令并未与其有个人性关切(individually concerned),即该指令并非是直接针对Nord Stream AG作出的,理由是Nord Stream AG的法律地位并没有受到涉案指令的直接影响,因此有充分的理由认为Nord Stream AG不是申请撤销涉案指令诉讼的适格当事人,因此其申请不具有可受理性( In that regard, it must be pointed out that the documents concerned by the request for a measure of organisation of procedure are capable of establishing, from the applicant’s point of view, that the applicant is individually concerned by the contested directive. However, in so far as the fact that the applicant’s legal situation is not directly affected, as previously stated, is sufficient reason to consider that it does not have standing to bring an action for annulment of the contested directive, the present action may be dismissed as inadmissible without there being a need to rule on the request for a measure of organisation of procedure.)。

 

因此,法院指出,之前的《指令2009/73》与Nord Stream AG无关,所以该公司可以在不受欧盟法规约束的情况下在欧盟领土(领海)内的部分运营其双管道系统,但是《指令2019/692》修订了《指令2009/73》,所以以后Nord Stream AG就不能再继续这样了(In that regard, the fact that the applicant’s activities are now partly governed by EU law, in this instance by Directive 2009/73, as amended, is in any event simply the result of its choice to develop and maintain its activity in the territory of the European Union, in this instance in the territorial sea of one of the Member States of the European Union (see, to that effect, judgment of 21 December 2011, Air Transport Association of America and Others, C‑366/10, EU:C:2011:864, paragraphs 127 and 128).)。

 

不仅如此,在时间效力上,而涉案指令自生效之日起并不会对运营人(如原告)的法律地位产生直接而具体的影响,而其产生影响只是在成员国执行该指令的截止日期之后才发生(However, the contested directive, as such and since its entry into force, does not produce immediate and concrete effects on the legal situation of operators such as the applicant and, in any event, not before the expiry of the deadline for transposition laid down in Article 2(1) thereof.)。

 

《指令2019/692》延伸了《指令2009/73》的领土和/或实体适用的范围,并且当《指令2019/692》获得通过时,Nord Stream AG属于特定的受该指令影响的众多运营商中的一员。然而,即便如此,这也不能表明修改之后的指令并未与其有个人性关切(individually concerned)。该指令的修订是根据欧盟立法机关定义的客观标准来进行的(the applicant is not directly concerned by the contested directive because it is a legislative act of general application which applies in the abstract to objectively determined situations.),这些标准中包括要求申请减免适用新标准的天然气传输路线必须在指令修订生效日期——2019523日之前完工(the national authorities may decide to grant to ‘major new gas infrastructure’ and to ‘gas transmission lines between [the] Member [States] and … third [countries] completed before 23 May 2019’ exemptions or derogations from certain articles of Directive 2009/73),而在本案中Nord Stream 2管道的施工工作完成了95%,并未完全符合申请减免适用新标准的要求。

 

关于Nord Stream 2 AG主张的有效司法救济权,欧盟初审法院认为,Nord Stream 2 AG完全可以向德国行政机关申请,让德国机关豁免或者减免修订后的《指令2009/73》对Nord Stream 2 AG的适用。若申请不成功,则Nord Stream 2 AG可随后在德国法院对该行政决定提起行政诉讼,并在诉讼中主张修改原指令的《指令2019/692》无效,以让该法院通过向欧洲法院(Court of Justice)申请初步裁定(preliminary ruling)以对《指令2019/692》的效力进行认定(In the applicant’s case, it is open to it to request, from the German regulatory authority, a derogation under Article 49a of Directive 2009/73, as amended, or even an exemption under Article 36 thereof and, as the case may be, to challenge that authority’s decision before a German court by claiming that the contested directive is invalid and causing that court to put questions to the Court of Justice by way of questions referred for a preliminary ruling regarding the validity of the contested directive on the basis of Article 267 TFEU (see, to that effect, judgments of 16 May 2019, Pebagua v Commission, C‑204/18 P,not published, EU:C:2019:425, paragraphs 67 and 68, and of 4 December 2019, Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo v Commission, C‑342/18 P, not published, EU:C:2019:1043, paragraph 63 and the case-law cited).)。

 

2、欧盟拒绝披露文件的权力

应欧盟理事会的要求,欧盟初审法院还决定将Nord Stream 2 AG在未经有关机关授权的情况下(无论该等机关是作为文件的作出者还是接收者)的与本案诉讼有关的、进而由其作为证据而由二原告提交的四份文件从本案卷宗中移除(the documents produced by the applicant as Annexes A. 14 and O. 20 are removed from the file and account should no longer be taken of the passages of the application and the annexes in which extracts of those documents are reproduced)。这些文件包括欧盟理事会法务部给成员国常任代表出具的意见,以及欧盟委员会向欧盟理事会提交的关于通过与第三国进行国际谈判的决定方面的建议。

 

对于这些文件而言,之前Nord Stream 2的一位员工向欧盟有关机关申请获取这些文件却被拒绝,后来原告从其他途径获得这些文件而将其作为证据提交。Nord Stream 2主张其有权获取这些欧盟机关文件,其依据包括欧盟法院最近在斯洛文尼亚诉克罗地亚案(C-457/18 Slovenia v Croatia)中的判决,以及关于公众获取欧盟议会、理事会和委员会文件的规定,这些判例法和规定都支持Nord Stream 2有获取这些欧盟机关文件的权利,因此这些文件可以作为证据使用。

 

对此,欧盟初审法院仍然选择支持欧盟委员会和欧盟议会,其理由是,参照适用《条例1049/2001》(even though the provisions of Regulation No 1049/2001 are not applicable in the present proceedings, the applicant nonetheless produced the documents at issue in the present case without authorisation from their authors and/or addressees),欧盟理事会完全有权主张其依赖法律顾问建议而获得免责,并且欧盟理事会有权基于披露这些文件将破坏在欧盟国际关系上的公共利益而拒绝披露这些文件(Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1049/2001 provides that ‘the institutions shall refuse access to a document where disclosure would undermine the protection of … court proceedings and legal advice … unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure’. It would be contrary to the public interest, which must be taken into account under that provision, which states that the institutions may benefit from the advice of their legalservice, given in full independence, to allow internal documents, which are in the nature of legal advice, to be produced in proceedings before the Courtun less their production has been authorised by the institution concerned or ordered by the Court (see order of 14 May 2019, Hungary v Parliament, C‑650/18, not published, EU:C:2019:438, paragraph 8 and the case-law cited; judgment of 31 January 2020, Slovenia v Croatia, C‑457/18, EU:C:2020:65, paragraph 66).),因此这些文件不能作为证据使用。

 

三、评论

本案在一定程度上体现了在欧盟进行投资中的政策风险。欧盟立法分为两种,一种是条例(regulation),具有直接的适用性,一经颁行就在欧盟直接生效,另一种则是指令(directive),只要求欧洲联盟成员国达成该指令订立的目标,但并不限制成员国达成目标的方法。本案涉及的即是指令方面的问题。

 

法院认为,本案涉案指令规定,在执行该指令时,欧盟成员国有裁量权决定某经营者主体是否在该指令项下负有义务的主体,因此投资者应该向该国机关申请豁免或者减免修订后的《指令2009/73》对其的适用,申请不成的则提起诉讼,而让成员国法院自己决定要不要把案件通过申请初步裁定(preliminary ruling)的方式提交欧洲法院以认定该指令是否违法。

然而,这一方面可能会导致如果成员国法院拒绝向欧洲法院申请初步裁定的话,则投资者会丧失救济的尴尬局面;另一方面也可能导致严重的讼累,即投资者需要等待很长时间和复杂的程序才能对涉案法规提起异议,其中可能会有很多不确定性因素。

 

此外,在欧盟议会、理事会和委员会文件披露方面,欧盟法院对此的态度似乎也并不是很明确,虽然有先例也有欧盟法规规定公众有权获取欧盟文件,但也还是作出了欧盟理事会完全有权主张其依赖法律顾问建议而获得免责,并且欧盟理事会有权基于披露这些文件将破坏在欧盟国际关系上的公共利益而拒绝披露这些文件这样的认定,进而也否定了原告从其他渠道获得的这些文件作为证据使用的可能。

 

 

在这方面还存在一个问题,就是目前欧盟的双边投资协议目前缺少国际投资仲裁这样的投资争议解决机制方面的约定,所以在现有的欧盟法院的司法救济的框架下投资者可能无法获得有效的救济。这些都是投资者在欧盟进行此类重大的基础设施投资的时候需要考虑的政策和司法风险问题。如果本案提交投资仲裁的话,则由于国际投资仲裁制度与欧盟法制度之间的关注重点不一样以及适用的法律不一样,很多认定可能和本案中欧盟初审法院的认定会有较大不同,对待那些作为证据的文件的态度可能也会不同。