2019年10月19日,在In The Court Of Ms. Surya Malik ... vs Mr.Jayesh Jl on 18 October, 2019一案中,印度德里地方法院裁定驳回当事人的申请,理由是该案超出了该法院的标的额管辖权,而拥有审理此案标的额管辖权(pecuniary jurisdiction)的法院是德里高等法院。本案涉及对于1996《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项的解释。印度各邦法院对此解释各异,有的认为不应该考虑标的额管辖权有的认为应当对此进行考虑,而最终德里地方法院在分析该法条的文意、目的、以及其他法院判决的理由之后,认定应当对标的额进行考虑,从而得出与其他邦判决相左的判决。
一、背景介绍
被申请人对德里地方法院依据1996《仲裁与和解法》第9条的标的额管辖权(pecuniary jurisdiction)提出初步反对意见。被申请人律师主张,由于申请人主张本案涉及的发放的收款凭单簿索赔总额为4,29,45,000卢比,名誉侵权索赔为1,00,00,000卢比,该额度不在法院的标的额管辖范围内,因此申请驳回该申请。申请人则主张,在《仲裁与和解法》第9条中没有要求赔偿的请求,仅寻求禁制令以限制对申请人商标的侵犯,并进一步搜查、扣押、保存收款凭单簿等。诉讼中的“标的物”并不是诉讼中涉及的财产,而是OMP (Comm) -125/19 M/s. C.L. Educated Ltd. Vs. Mr. Jayesh JL & Anr. Pg. 2 of 15中所申请的保护涉案物品的临时措施,因此,申请书已根据所寻求的救济进行了估价,申请人未要求赔偿金钱损失,因此,申请书的提出不能基于缺乏标的额管辖权而受到异议。
1996《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项规定:
“法院”的意思是指一个地区具有原始管辖权的主要民事法院,包括行使其普通原始民事管辖权的高等法院。该等法院需要在该仲裁案若为诉讼案件时具有决定构成标的问题的管辖权。该等法院不包括低于该主要民事法院等级的民事法院或任何小额诉讼法院;
“Court” means the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having, jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject-matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject-matter of a suit, but does not include any civil court of a grade inferior to such principal Civil Court, or any Court of Small Causes;
关于标的额估算问题,与案件直接相关的是Fountain Head Developers & Ors案,在该案中孟买高等法院所有法官组庭以决定德里地方法院是否属于《仲裁和和解法》第34条应当被解释为有原始管辖权的主要法院(Principal Court of Original Jurisdiction)的民事法官、高级法院或地区法院(Civil Judge,Senior Division or the District Court)。该案指出,根据1996《仲裁与和解法》的规定,议会显然已经缩小了“法院”一词的定义,排除了低于该主要民事法院等级的民事法院或任何小额诉讼法院。 “法院”定义中所考虑的唯一条件是,如果该仲裁标的是诉讼标的,则该法院应具有管辖权来决定该标的。法院认为,关键问题在于法院是否有管辖权来决定“构成仲裁标的(如果该标的是诉讼的标的)的问题”。因此,法院的标的额管辖权没有任何意义。但是,法院必须具有地域管辖权。因此,“仲裁标的”一词不能理解为可以就该诉讼因由提起诉讼的法院,因此涵盖《民事诉讼法》第16至20条的所有规定。换句话说,根据《仲裁与和解法》第34条的规定,标的额管辖权不再是决定某法院是否是具有原始管辖权的主要法院的实质内容。(What it means is the jurisdiction to decide "the question forming the subject matter of the arbitration" if the same had been the subject matter of a suit. The pecuniary jurisdiction of a court, therefore, has no significance for the purposes of the Act of 1996. The Court, however, must have a territorial jurisdiction. The expression "subject matter of the arbitration", therefore, cannot be read to mean a court where the suit can be filed in respect of that cause of action and would, therefore, cover all the provisions from Sections 16 to 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In other words, the pecuniary jurisdiction is no longer a material for deciding the jurisdiction of a court being the principal court of original jurisdiction for the purpose of a petition under Section34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.)
二、法院认定
法院考虑了“一个地区的原始管辖权的主要民事法院”(the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district)的确切含义。法条中出现的“意思是”("means")和“包括”("includes")以及“不包括”("does not include")一词,阐明了“法院”一词的含义。最高法院在(P) Kasilingam and Ors. v. P.S.G. College of Technology and Ors处理“means”时指出其是严格的定义,不能对其含义添油加醋,而在Mahalaxmi Oil Mills v. State of Andhra Pradesh案中指出“means”是限制性的术语,而 “include”是扩大的术语。当同时使用这两个词来定义事物时,议会的意图是限制这些词所修饰的含义。第2(e)节中出现的表述“不包括低于该主要民事法院等级的民事法院或任何小额诉讼法院”,进一步限制了其中定义的“Court”一词的含义。它显然不包括低于原始管辖权的主要法院的法院。
OMP (Comm) - 125/19 M/s. C.L. Educated Ltd. Vs. Mr.Jayesh JL & Anr. Pg. 8 of 15案中指出,“法院”(”Court”)一词意味着德里地方法院是该地区具有原始管辖权的主要民事法院,但不是低于该等主要民事法院的民事法院。民事法官高等分庭的法院也可以是具有原始管辖权的民事法院,但是在任何情况下都不能被称为一个地区具有原始管辖权的主要民事法院。(It means the district court is the principal civil court of original jurisdiction in adistrict and not a civil court of a grade inferior to such principal civil court. The court of Civil Judge, Senior Division may also be a civil court oforiginal jurisdiction, but in any case it could not be termed as the principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district.)国会在1996《仲裁与和解法》中故意使用“法院”(”Court”)一词,而不是通常在其他成文法则中所常见的“地区法院”("District Court")。从对“法院”定义的直接审阅中,很明显得出该定义是有很强包容性的,其内容特别包括了行使其普通的原始民事管辖权的高等法院。(From a plain and literal reading of the definition of "Court" it is apparent that the definition is inclusive. It specifically includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction.)根据1897年《一般条款法》第3(17)条和1904年《孟买一般条款法》第3(15)条,“地区法官”一词是指具有原始管辖权的主要民事法院的法官,该定义不包括行使其普通的原始民事管辖权的高等法院。因此,为了达到摆脱这种定义而将高等法院包括在内这一目的,议会在1996《仲裁与和解法》中并未使用“District Court”一词,而仅使用“Court”来表示“法院”包括行使其普通的原始民事管辖权的高等法院。
因此,从该“法院”的定义的措词看,议会显然打算将权力授予某个地区的最高司法当局。在定义“法院”一词时,议会必然已经意识到了该目标。此外,这种定义旨在最大程度地减少法院在仲裁程序中的监督作用,还旨在为仲裁程序尽可能地增加信度。最高法院在处理S.B.P. &Company案中指出:“该法将该法院界定为该地区原始民事管辖权的主要民事法院,并包括行使其普通原始民事管辖权的高等法院。具有原始民事管辖权的主要民事法院通常是地方法院。在印度,行使普通原始民事管辖权的高等法院并不太多。因此,在大多数邦中,有关法院将是地方法院。”("the court is defined in the Act to be the principal Civil Court of original civiljurisdiction of the district and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction. The principal Civil Court of original civil jurisdiction is normally the District Court. The High Courts in India exercising ordinary original civil jurisdiction are not too many. So in most of the States the concerned court would be the District Court")同样,最高法院在Garhwal Mandal v.Krishna Travel Agency in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 18344 of 2004案中注意到即使仲裁员的任命是由高等法院或最高法院作出的,有原始管辖权的主要民事法院仍然与1996《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项所设想的相同,是地方法院。因此法院判决1996《仲裁与和解法》第34条的规定的,为进行申请而言,在一个地区具有原始管辖权的主要民事法院是地区法院,而在不包括地方法院级别以下的任何其他法院。(We, accordingly,answer the question formulated by us in paragraph 2 of the judgment as follows:The principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district for the purpose of a petition under Section34 of the Act of 1996 is a District Court and does not include any other court inferior to the District Court.")
然而,本案法院在印度最高法院的判决中找出了漏洞,并分析了M/s. Sundaram Finance Ltd Vs. M.K.Kurian and Anr.案。在该案中,马德拉斯高等法院要处理的问题是,根据特许状行使原始民事管辖权的马德拉斯高等法院,还有根据1892《钦奈市民事法院法》所组成的城市民事法院的首席法官,他们是否构成《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项所指的“法院”,有权就金额不超过100万卢比的案件行使管辖权?马德拉斯高等法院分庭裁定,由于城市民事法院在处理价值不超过100万卢比的案件时对标的额的管辖权有限,因此高等法院具有管辖权,而根据特许状第12条,高等法院拥有无限的管辖权,并且根据《钦奈市民事法院法》第16条明确保留了该管辖权。由于高等法院和城市民事法院均有权就标的额最高为100万卢比的案件提起诉讼,因此《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项的主要法院是高等法院。《城市民事法院法》禁止高等法院的管辖权审判价值低于100万卢比民事和非诉讼性质的诉讼和程序。此外,该法优先于其他法律适用。关于高等法院行使一般的原始民事管辖权,若该高等法院缺乏标的额管辖权来受理额度等同的案件,是否是《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项所指的“法院”这一问题,对此既无争议,最高法院也没有做出判决。
在Surat Singh Vs. State of Himachal Pradesh and Anr. reported in 2003(3) Arb. LR 606 (HP) (DB)案中,法院判决不论标的物的估价如何,除地方法官法院以外的任何法院都没有管辖权来决定此类申请。但是该案的撤销仲裁裁决的申请首先是向高等法院提出的。在注意到高等法院不具有标的额管辖权的情况下,撤销裁决被驳回改在Court of the Senior Sub Judge, Shimla提出,但是Court of the Senior Sub Judge, Shimla对其是否是《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项中的“法院”也充满了疑虑。(Significantly, in Surat Singh's case, an application under Section 34 of the 1996 Act, for setting aside an arbitral award, was first filed in the High Court. On noticing that the High Court did not have the pecuniary jurisdiction, a Single Bench directed that the application for setting aside the award be returned to the petitioner, for being presented in the Court of the Senior Sub Judge, Shimla. The Senior SubJudge,Shimla entertained a doubt with regard to his jurisdiction to deal with an application for setting aside an arbitral award under Section 34 of the 1996Act in view of the definition of 'Court' in Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act.)
本案法院进而在解释《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项规定的“法院”时指出,法院认为不能忽略“该等法院需要在该仲裁案若为诉讼案件时具有决定构成标的问题的管辖权”("having jurisdiction to decide the question forming the subject matter of the arbitration, if the same can be the subject matter of a suit")。正如由德里地方法院在Hriday Nath Roy案中所判决,并由最高法院在Official Trustees West Bengal Vs. Sachindra Nath Chatterjee案中所确认的那样,考虑管辖权时必须参考标的的位置,价值和性质。本质上应将管辖权分为地域管辖权、标的额管辖权、以及标的物管辖权。(jurisdiction may have to be considered with reference to place, value and nature of the subject matter. The classification of jurisdiction into territorial jurisdiction,pecuniary jurisdiction and jurisdiction of the subject matter is of a fundamental character.)在解释该句时,没有理由仅将其OMP (Comm) -125/19 M/s. C.L. Educated Ltd. Vs. Mr. Jayesh JL & Anr. Pg. 13 of 15理解为仅包括地域管辖权,而不包括标的额管辖权。这样的解释相当于将第2条第1款第e项中“具有管辖权”的字样替换为“具有地域管辖权”的字样,或者将其在其定义中加入“不包括地域管辖权”的内容。这些都是不应当被允许的。(In construing the phrase "having jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of a suit" in the definition of "Court" in Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act, there is no reason why the expression jurisdiction should only be OMP(Comm) - 125/19 M/s. C.L. Educated Ltd. Vs. Mr. Jayesh JL & Anr. Pg. 13 of 15 read as territorial jurisdiction, to the exclusion of pecuniary jurisdiction. Such a construction would amount to substitution of the words having jurisdiction in Section2(1)(e) with the words having territorial jurisdiction or alternatively reading into the definition, the words 'excluding territorial jurisdiction', which is not permissible.)
本案法院指出,1996年《仲裁与和解法》是一个全面的特别法规,其内容详尽地规定了与仲裁有关的事项,该法项下的申请必须向该地区的行使其原始民事管辖权最高民事法院(包括高等法院)提出,尽管《民事诉讼法》第15条要求将诉讼提交具有最低标的额管辖权法院(该等法院需要在该仲裁案若为诉讼案件时具有决定构成标的问题的管辖权),但如果法院缺乏标的额管辖权,则不是《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项所指的法院。(The 1996 Act beinga comprehensive special statute, exhaustively dealing with matters relating to arbitration, an application under the said Act would have to be filed before the highest Civil Court in the district, including the High Court, exercising original civil jurisdiction, and having jurisdiction to decide the subject matter of the arbitration as if the same had been the subject matter of a suit, notwithstanding Section 15 of the Civil Procedure Code, which requires a suit to be filed in the lowest Court having pecuniary jurisdiction. However, where the Court lacks pecuniary jurisdiction it would not be Court within the meaning of Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996Act.)
的确,1996《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项中的法院定义与1940《仲裁法》第2条第c款中的法院定义是有区别的。根据1940《仲裁法》如果仲裁的标的同时也可以是同等诉讼的标的,则当事人可以向对该标的具有管辖权的任何民事法院提出申请。但根据1996《仲裁与和解法》,该案仲裁标的是否也构成诉讼标的这一问题是由主要法院来管辖决定的。对于诉讼标的的裁判管辖范围包括地域管辖权、标的额管辖权、以及标的物管辖权。对地域、标的额、以及标的物拥有管辖权的最高审级的有原始管辖权的法院才有权依照1996《仲裁与和解法》有权决定事项。(It is true that there is a difference between the definition of Court in Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act and the definition of Court in Section2(c) of the Arbitration Act, 1940. Under the Arbitration Act, 1940 an application could be filed in any civil Court having jurisdiction over the subject matter of the arbitration, if the same had been the subject matter of a suit. However, under the 1996 Act it is the principal Court having jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of arbitration, if the same had been the subject matter of a suit. Jurisdiction to adjudicate the subject matter of a suit includes, territorial jurisdiction, pecuniary jurisdiction and jurisdiction in respect of the subject matter. Where thehighest Court has jurisdiction territorial, pecuniary and in respect of the subject matter, it is that Court alone which is competent to decide matters under the 1996 Act.)
法院认为,在仲裁中有争议的主张的标的物价值不超过100万卢比的情况下,该法院的原方没有管辖权来受理申请。如果仲裁争议的标的物价值不超过100万卢比,则根据1996《仲裁与和解法》提出的申请只能由加尔各答的城市民事法院受理,不能由行使原始管辖权的高等法院受理。但是,仲裁争议标的额超过100万卢比,仅高等法院的原方有管辖权受理申请。(We agree with theTandon, J. and hold that where the value of the subject matter of the disputed claim in arbitration does not exceed Rs.10 lakhs, the Original Side of this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain an application under the 1996 Act. If the value of the subject matter of the dispute in arbitration does not exceed Rs.10 lakhs an application under the 1996 Act can only be entertained by the City Civil Court at Calcutta and not the High Court exercising original jurisdiction. However, where the value of the subject matter of the dispute in arbitration exceeds Rs.10 lakhs it is the Original Side of the High Court alone which would have jurisdiction to entertain an application under the 1996 Act.)
鉴于本案总额超过4千万卢比,因此,拥有审理此案的标的额管辖权法院是德里高等法院,因此法院驳回申请。
三、评论
本案涉及对于印度1996《仲裁与和解法》第2条第1款第e项的解释。印度并非单一制国家,各联邦的司法实践各不相同,各邦法官对于该适用于全印度的统一的《仲裁与和解法》的解释也有一定的出入。在本案进行过程中申请人和被申请人均援引了大量的案例来对该项规定进行解释,而审理过程中法官也对这些案例进行了深入分析,并查找印度最高法院没有论述到的点,进而做出与其他邦法院向左的判决。由此,对于印度仲裁的撤裁申请或者临时措施申请,我们需要密切研究法院的地域管辖权、标的额管辖权、以及标的物管辖权以及法院对这些问题的态度,关注各邦法院自身对于该问题如何看待以及如何裁决,选择正确或者风险较小的法院进行起诉,以避免日后的讼累和管辖权上的不确定因素。