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英国最高法院裁定英国在《ICSID公约》的义务优先于其欧盟法的义务(英国案例)

2020219日,在Micula and others v Romania [2020]UKSC 5一案中,英国最高法院推翻了上诉法院的中止Micula一案执行以待欧盟法院判决到底执行ICSID裁决是否构成非法的欧盟国家援助的做法,并指出由于《ICSID公约》项下英国须执行ICSID裁决的义务是对世义务,不仅针对欧盟成员国还针对第三国;以及对英国生效在先,英国加入欧盟在后,并且欧盟法明确规定在这种情况下欧盟条约并不影响成员国在加入欧盟之前订立的条约项下的权利义务,因此高等法院和上诉法院本不应中止ICSID裁决的执行而是应当继续执行和处理该案,因而最高法院撤销了对ICSID裁决的执行中止。

一、背景介绍

本案是关于投资者胜诉,东道国罗马尼亚败诉的ICSID裁决的执行的上诉,本案涉及投资者在罗马尼亚加入欧盟之前在罗马尼亚投资的粮食生产有关。

罗马尼亚从1999年起在某些地区采取了招商引资计划EGO 24,并在1999年将欧盟国家援助规则纳入国内法,对招商引资政策进行了修改,投资者在本世纪初依照该计划在相关地区投资了一个大型的综合的粮食生产线。然而罗马尼亚在那之后很长时间内也并未加入欧盟,直到200711日才加入欧盟。

罗马尼亚则于2002年与瑞典签署《双边投资条约》(BIT),其中规定了投资者的投资受到侵害以后可以依照《ICSID公约》对东道国提起投资仲裁。而后来在罗马尼亚加入欧盟的加入谈判中,欧盟告知罗马尼亚其EGO 24招商引资计划违反了欧盟国家援助规则,因此罗马尼亚废除了该计划措施,导致投资者投资失败遭受损失。

基于此,投资者于2005728日根据BITICSID提起仲裁请求,罗马尼亚于200711日加入欧盟,而仲裁庭在2013年裁决罗马尼亚违反了BIT,赔偿金价值约7千万英镑加利息,而罗马尼亚提起撤裁申请但败诉。

在执行方面罗马尼亚愿意给投资者进行部分欠缴税收抵免来执行该裁决,但欧盟委员则在2014年发布禁令禁止罗马尼亚采取任何执行裁决的行动以待欧盟委员会决定该执行是否符合欧盟国家援助规定,并决定发起对此的调查程序(初始决定)。欧盟委员会于2015年作出最终决定,认定罗马尼亚履行该ICSID裁决会构成非法国家援助。

投资者于2015年向欧盟法院申请废除最终决定且于2019年胜诉,欧盟法院以该决定溯及罗马尼亚加入欧盟之前发生的事件为由而撤销了该决定,但欧盟委员会不服且对该判决提出上诉。

在另一方面,投资者于2014年开始在英国依照1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》申请注册裁决,并获批。罗马尼亚于2015年申请中止该裁决的执行以待欧盟法院对此的裁定,而投资者要求罗马尼亚对仲裁执行提供担保。英格兰与威尔士高等法院于2017年批准了罗马尼亚的申请,而拒绝了投资者的担保令申请,理由是若罗马尼亚提供执行担保则实际上构成了对裁决的执行。投资者对此不服对并提出上诉。上诉法院于2018年继续批准中止执行程序,但命令罗马尼亚提供担保。罗马尼亚对担保令提出上诉,而投资者对批准中止执行程序提出交叉上诉。

投资者基于五个理由对中止提出上诉:(1)欧盟法院判决的结果导致英国与欧盟的真诚合作义务不再要求英国法院中止执行该裁定;(2)根据ICSID公约和1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》法院无权下令中止执行程序;(3)中止执行程序与《ICSID公约》不符;(41972年的《欧洲共同体法》不要求英国违反《ICSID公约》规定的加入前义务;(5)本案适用《欧盟运作条约》(TFEU)第351条,因此英国在加入ICSID公约之前的义务不受欧盟法至上性的影响。

二、本案涉案条约

《欧盟条约》(The Treaty on European Union

4条第3款规定:

Pursuant to the principle of sincere cooperation, the Union and the Member States shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties.

根据真诚合作原则,欧盟和成员国应在相互尊重的基础上互相协助以执行条约所规定的任务。

《欧盟运作条约》(TFEU

 

Article 351 (351

The rights and obligations arising from agreements concluded before 1 January 1958 or, for acceding States, before the date of their accession, between one or more Member States on the one hand, and one or more third countries on the other, shall not be affected by the provisions of the Treaties.

195811日之前的,或加入欧盟的国家在加入之日前的,一方为一个或多个成员国之间而另一方面在一个或多个第三国之间的协议中的权利和义务,不受本条约的规定影响。

To the extent that such agreements are not compatible with the Treaties, the Member State or States concerned shall take all appropriate steps to eliminate the incompatibilities established. Member States shall, where necessary, assist each other to this end and shall, where appropriate, adopt a common attitude.

如果此类协议与条约不符,则有关成员国应采取一切适当步骤,消除所确定的不兼容之处。成员国应为此目的相互协助,并在适当时采取共同态度。

In applying the agreements referred to in the first paragraph, Member States shall take into account the fact that the advantages accorded under the Treaties by each Member State forman integral part of the establishment of the Union and are thereby inseparably linked with the creation of common institutions, the conferring of powers upon them and the granting of the same advantages by all the other Member States.

成员国在适用第1款所述的协定时,应考虑到以下事实:每个成员国根据本条约所享有的利益构成了欧盟成立的组成部分,因此与建立共同机构、赋予机构权力、以及由所有其他成员国赋予相同的优势之间密不可分。

ICSID公约》

Article 53 (53

(1) The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award except to the extent that enforcement shall have been stayed pursuant to the relevant provisions of this Convention.

1)该裁决对当事各方具有约束力,除本公约规定者外,不得上诉或采取任何其他救济措施。各方应服从并遵守裁决的条款,但应根据本公约的有关规定中止执行的范围除外。

(2) For the purposes ofthis Section, "award" shall include any decision interpreting,revising or annulling such award pursuant to Articles 50, 51 or 52.

2)就本条而言,裁决应包括根据第50条,第51条或第52条解释,修改或撤销该裁决的任何决定。

 

 Article 54 (54

(1)  Each Contracting State shall recognize an award rendered pursuant tothis Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State. A Contracting State with a federal constitution may enforce such an award in or through its federal courts and may provide that such courts shall treat the award as if it were a final judgment of the courts of a constituent state.

......

1)每一缔约国均应承认根据本公约作出的裁决具有拘束力,并应在该裁决的领土内执行该裁决所施加的金钱义务,犹如该裁决是该国法院的最终判决一样。联邦制的缔约国可以在其联邦法院中或通过其联邦法院强制执行该裁决,并可以规定该法院应将裁决视为是该邦法院的最终判决。

(3) Execution of the award shall be governed by the laws concerning the execution of judgments in force in the State in whose territories such execution is sought.

……

3)裁决的执行应受执行地国有关执行判决的法律的约束。

Article 69 (69

Each Contracting State shall take such legislative or other measures as may be necessary for making the provisions of this Convention effective in its territories.

各缔约国应采取必要的立法或其他措施,使本公约的规定在其领土上生效。

三、最高法院认定

首先,投资者认为,欧盟法院撤销欧盟委员会决定的判决改变了本案的情况,这意味着英国法院不再有欧盟法下的义务以中止执行ICSID裁决。罗马尼亚以及欧盟委员会则主张欧盟法院的判决仅废除了欧盟委员会的最终决定,而未废除欧盟委员会2014年对罗马尼亚禁令或发起调查决定,二者继续有效。对此,最高法院认为,依照European Commission v Hansestadt Lübeck (Case C-524/14 P)案,欧盟法院判决致使欧盟委员会对国家援助的并未废除现有的欧盟委员会的调查程序,而在欧盟委员会没有最终决定关闭正式调查程序的情况下,初始决定仍然有效,因此依照欧盟法英国法院对此有真诚合作的责任(Nevertheless, we are not persuaded that these errors in the preparatory decisions prevent the Commission from relying on the initiating decision as giving rise to a duty of sincere  cooperation on the part of national courts. The judgment of the GCEU leaves in existence an extant Commission investigation into State aid. In the absence of a final decision of the Commission closing the formal investigation procedure, the effects of that initiating decision subsist (European Commission v Hansestadt Lübeck (Case C-524/14 P), para 31). This necessarily imposes a duty of sincere cooperation on the part of the United Kingdom.)。因此最高法院驳回了投资者提出的这一点。

第二,关于投资者的(2)和(3)理由和罗马尼亚的抗辩,最高法院审查了《ICSID公约》和1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》,并强调虽然ICSID在英格兰和威尔士高等法院的注册的效力相当于该法院的判决,但是《ICSID公约》不允许国内法院以对判决进行上诉的方式来重新审查裁决的实体内容。

对于这个问题,初审法院高等法院驳回了罗马尼亚的撤销该裁决的注册的申请,理由是裁决的注册不会使罗马尼亚违反欧盟委员会的决定,但是由于ICSID在英格兰和威尔士高等法院的注册的效力相当于该法院的判决,而高等法院不会执行违反欧盟法的判决,所以裁定中止执行以待欧盟法院的判决

上诉法院多数意见驳回了撤销中止执行的上诉,其理由是1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》虽然并不导致注册的ICSID裁决在所有目的上均等同于普通的英国判决,但若在该案的情况下合理,则英国法院可批准中止执行裁决,但是其条件是该中止执行只是暂时的,并且需符合《ICSID公约》的宗旨。 Hamblen大法官的异议意见则认为,《ICSID公约》和1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》赋予了注册的ICSID裁决与国内最终判决相同的地位,而由于英国不会执行这类的违反欧盟法的判决,因此直接不执行该ICSID裁决也都不违反《ICSID公约》或1966年《仲裁(国际投资争端)法》。

对此,最高法院则认为,根据《ICSID公约》第54条第1款规定及缔约文件,若国内法中存在对于终局判决的特别抗辩(即本案下级法院的欧盟法合规抗辩),则该抗辩是否也能适用于ICSID裁决这点上存在争议(However, in light of the wording of articles 54(1) and 55 and the travaux préparatoires reviewed above, it is arguable that there is scope for some additional defences against enforcement, in certain exceptional or extraordinary circumstances which are not defined, if national law recognises them in respect of final judgments of national courts and they do not directly overlap with those grounds of challenge to an award which are specifically allocated to Convention organs under articles 50 to 52 of the Convention. Mr Broches proposed at the drafting meeting on 11 December 1964 referred to above that representatives “should consciously accept something that was of necessity not precise, which each country in good faith would seek to translate into appropriate local law. He thought that it was necessary to leave some freedom to the Contracting States to interpret in good faith the principal concept laid down in the Convention” (ie the obligation in article 54(1)) (History, vol II-2, Doc 120, 903).)。尽管对《ICSID公约》第54条第1款的正确解释只能由国际法院来处理,但这并不影响本案的结果。(The difference between Hamblen LJ on the one hand and Arden and Leggatt LJJ on the other regarding the proper interpretation of article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention is something which ultimately could only be authoritatively resolved by the International Court of Justice.)。最高法院同意上诉法院的多数意见即英国法院有权在上诉法院所述的有限情况下中止执行ICSID裁决,但最高法院认为上诉法院有所越权。在本案中,根据《ICSID公约》,英国法院有义务承认和执行ICSID裁决,ICSID公约规定禁止以实体法理由来阻碍裁决的执行(The award shall be bindingon the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award except to the extent that enforcement shall have been stayed pursuant to the relevant provisions of this Convention.),只能以程序法理由来暂缓裁决的执行(Execution of the award shall be governed by the laws concerning the execution of judgments in force in the State in whose territories such execution is sought.)。上诉法院对于中止裁决的执行不是基于程序法理由的执行限制,而是基于“在欧盟法院对《ICSID公约》与欧盟条约之间可能存在的冲突作出裁定之前不得执行裁决”这样的实体欧盟法理由的执行限制。依照上诉法院的多数逻辑,由于欧盟委员会决定在被欧盟法院废止之前一直生效,所以如果欧盟法院维持欧盟委员会的决定则中止执行的期间将无限期延续,若欧盟上诉法院允许欧盟委员会对该判决提出上诉则也如此,这是错误的。即便欧盟委员会提出的反对理由被欧盟法院采纳,这也不是对ICSID裁决或其执行裁决的有效反对理由,其根本原因是,《ICSID公约》第53条第1款规定的裁决对当事各方具有约束力,不受制于除了《ICSID公约》规定以外的任何上诉或其他救济。因此,上诉法院考虑了其他因素,利用英国国内法上的中止执行裁决的权力来以被公约禁止的实体法理拒绝了ICSID裁决的执行。(We first address the position which arises on the interpretation of article 54(1) preferred by Arden and Leggatt LJJ. We agree with them that courts in this jurisdiction have the power to stay execution of an ICSID award in the limited circumstances which they describe. However, we consider that in granting a stay of execution of the Award in the present case pending the determination of the annulment proceedings in the GCEU (or further order in the meantime) they exceeded the proper limits of that power. The grant of a stay in these circumstances was not consistent with the ICSID Convention, on their interpretation of it, under which the United Kingdom and its courts had a duty to recognise and enforce the Award.This was not a limited stay of execution on procedural grounds, but a prohibition on enforcement of the Award on substantive grounds until the GCEU had ruled on the apparent conflict between the ICSID Convention and the EU Treaties. Effect was given to the Commission Decision until such time as the GCEU might pronounce upon it. The logic of the position adopted by Arden and Leggatt LJJ was that if the GCEU upheld the Commission Decision, the stay would continue indefinitely (and the same would be true if the CJEU allows the Commission’s appeal against the decision of the GCEU). But the grounds of objection raised by the Commission, even if upheld before the EU courts, were not valid grounds of objection to the Award or its enforcement under the ICSID Convention, as interpreted by Arden and Leggatt LJJ. The principle laid down in article 53(1) that awards are binding on the parties and are not subject to any appeal or other remedy except those provided under the Convention and reflected in article 54 (on their interpretation of it) was disregarded. In substance, the Court of Appeal made use of powers to stay execution granted by domestic law in order to thwart enforcement of an award which had become enforceable under the ICSID Convention.)。

最后,投资者的(4)和(5)理由可以一并考虑。TFEU351条旨在确定,欧盟法的适用并不影响欧盟成员国按照其于非欧盟成员国之间在其成为欧盟成员国之前达成的协议及其项下的义务,而且依照Case C-158/91) [1993] ECRI-4287案,该条的适用范围是一般性的,适用于任何国际协议。就英国而言,根据欧盟的Open Skies (Case C-466/98) [2003] 1 CMLR 6),其适用于英国于197311日加入之前所达成的协议,而英国于1965526日签署《ICSID条约》,而该条约于1967118日对英国生效,根据Attorney General v Burgoa(Case C-812/79)案,欧盟机构有义务不妨碍成员国履行加入欧盟之前达成的条约而义务。最高法院认为,依照《ICSID公约》的缔约文件以及其内容来看,第54条和第69条规定的具体义务是相对于所有其他ICSID缔约国而言的,包括非欧盟成员国,其本身是一个超然的国际法体系(Accordingly, neither the Convention nor its travaux préparatoires provide any warrant for restricting the duties owed by a Contracting State under articles 54 and 69 so that they are owed only to the State of nationality of an award beneficiary.)。欧盟法项下的真诚合作义务不要求英国法院拒绝对该问题作出决定以待欧盟法院的判决结果,而欧盟判例法如Criminal proceedings against Levy (Case C-158/91)案和R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Evans Medical Ltd(Case C-324/93)案都表明,有关第351条下的成员国加入欧盟前的国际条约义务是否存在、在多大程度上存在这方面的问题并不属于欧盟法院管辖,而成员国法院在回答此类问题上比欧盟法院有更好的位置。本案中与TFEU351条有关的问题是英国在《ICSID公约》项下承担的义务的程度是什么,这与欧盟法院所要审理的问题不同。投资者在欧盟法院的程序中提到的主张之一包括欧盟委员会决定违反了TFEU351条,理由是该条款赋予罗马尼亚在加入之前签订的BIT和《ICSID公约》优先适用于欧盟法的地位,而欧盟法院并未对此作出裁定,因此也就不属于欧盟委员会上诉的内容。在本案中英国法院的关切点在于英国履行《ICSID公约》以及承认并执行《ICSID公约》第54条和第69条规定的裁决的义务,而英国的这些义务并没有在欧盟法院中给出过裁决,因此目前本案的审理的这个问题和欧盟审理的问题之间并无相交之处,因而英国法院对此进行审理并无问题(First, the case law of the Court of Justice makes clear that, as a matter of EU law, questions as to the existence and extent of obligations under prior treaties, in the context of article 351 TFEU, are not reserved to the EU courts. In Levyand Evans Medical the Court of Justice has accepted the appropriateness of national courts ruling on such issues. Such questions are not governed by EU law and the Court of Justice is in no better position than a national court to answer them. This is addressed at paras 98-99 above. Secondly, although the Claimants have raised an article 351 TFEU issue in the proceedings before the EU courts, it is not the same issue as that with which this court is seized. In the proceedings to annul the Commission Decision, the Claimants advanced eight pleas of law, one of which was that the Commission Decision was in breach of article 351 TFEU, because that provision affords primacy to Romania’s pre-existing international obligations under the BIT and the ICSID Convention. The GCEU did not rule on that plea and, accordingly, it is not the subject of the appeal to the CJEU by the Commission. Although the pleadings before the GCEU made references to article 54 of the ICSID Convention in conjunction with article 53, the essential article 351 TFEU issue raised by the Claimants in the annulment proceedings concerned Romania’s obligation to abide by and comply with the award under article 53 of the ICSID Convention. By contrast, the issue with which we are concerned in these proceedings is the United Kingdom’s obligations to implement the ICSID Convention and to recognise and enforce the award under articles 54 and 69 of the ICSID Convention. The extent of the United Kingdom’s obligations under those articles has not been raised before the EU courts. There is, therefore, no congruence of the issues before the domestic courts and the EU courts.)。欧盟法院在未来某个阶段可能考虑该问题,但是这要视很多要素而定,且可能性太小。鉴于此,真诚合作义务并不要求英国法院中止裁决的执行(The possibility that the EU courts may consider this issue at some stage in the future is both contingent and remote. We cannot accept that in such circumstances the duty of sincere co-operation requires the imposition of a stay on the enforcement of the award.)。

因此,最高法院批准投资者提出的交叉上诉,并解除了对执行程序的中止,因此不再需要考虑罗马尼亚担保令申请的上诉,担保令解除。

四、评论

根据欧盟法的真诚合作原则,英国的Air Canada and others v Emerald Supplies Ltd and others [2015] EWCA Civ 1024案也确认了欧盟成员国法院应避免做出与欧盟委员会的实际或预期的决定相抵触的决定。

有评论意见指出本案英国最高法院的做法并不妥当,因为欧盟委员会的最终决定在欧盟法院上诉的审理中可能也会涉及TFEU351条,但即便这样英国还是径行裁定这个问题。对此,笔者认为本案中英国最高法院的做法并无不妥,这主要涉及欧盟法院的案子和本案之间的分割。欧盟法院要处理的是罗马尼亚履行ICSID裁决是否构成非法的国家补助,而本案要处理的是英国执行《ICSID公约》项下裁决的义务的范围,二者之间的微弱连接点在于真诚合作原则。然而,对此英国最高法院给出了欧盟判例法,说明有关第351条下的成员国加入欧盟前的国际条约义务是否存在、在多大程度上存在这方面的问题并不属于欧盟法院管辖,而是属于成员国法院管辖。因此,除非英国执行《ICSID公约》项下裁决的义务的问题被欧盟法院具体审理并给出否定答案(这点不大可能出现在上诉中),否则在这个点上英国法院径行作出裁定并不违反欧盟法,也不违反真诚合作原则。因此本案的核心争议点是真诚合作原则的适用性和范畴的问题,而非欧盟法的至上性问题。

此外,本案中一方面欧盟委员会的决定属于溯及既往,追认罗马尼亚加入欧盟之前的做法属于欧盟法上的非法国家援助,欧盟法院确认了该决定的违法性,只是该案正在上诉之中;而英国加入《ICSID公约》在加入欧盟之先,并且根据TFEU351条的规定英国加入欧盟并不产生后法优于前法适用。因此,欧盟判例法已经为英国法院决定英国在《ICSID公约》项下的义务的存在和范围方面的问题开了绿灯的情况下,英国还要继续中止裁决的执行以等待欧盟法院的上诉结果这点上的合理性也是值得怀疑的。

本案还可能涉及到的一个问题在于欧盟法院的Slovak Republic v. AchmeaB.V. (Case C-284/16)案。该案指出,根据TFEU334条,欧盟法排除自一个成员国的投资者对另一个成员国发起投资仲裁的条款的有效性,该类问题的管辖权属于欧盟的条约。然而,Achmea案中投资者母国和东道国都是欧盟成员国,而且投资和争议都是发生在二者已经是欧盟成员国以后,而本案中虽然罗马尼亚和瑞典都是欧盟成员国,但是本案发生在瑞典是欧盟成员国但罗马尼亚还未加入欧盟时,因此Achmea案对本案的适用性也存疑,否则欧盟法院一审也不会推翻欧盟委员会的决定。

虽然如此,在英国脱欧背景下,最终欧盟法院的上诉判决到底为何,以及欧盟委员会是否会因为本案而在欧盟法院对英国提起违反欧盟法的诉讼,这都仍是未知数。