2019年11月22日,在Ivanhoe Mines Limited (Formerly Ivanhoe Nickel And Platinum Limitd) v Tony RickyGardner [2019] EWHC 3142 (Comm)一案中,英格兰与威尔士高等法院(以下简称法院)认为,尽管Gardner在得知法院的执行命令后迅速采取行动请求法院撤销该命令,但其未能证明不参与庭审具有良好理由。Gardner的抗辩虽然不能被认为完全缺乏胜诉前景,但是该抗辩相当脆弱。考虑到法院资源的有限性,Gardner为避免执行法院命令而使债权人难以与之联系,这样的当事人不能合理地期待法院在为该事项安排一次庭审,并在Gardner企图逃避法院命令失败后,应其要求再安排一次庭审。因此,Gardner以未获悉存在庭审并导致缺席庭审为由请求法院撤销执行命令并安排重审的请求被法院驳回。
一、背景介绍
2006年6月30日,Ivanhoe Nickel And Platinum Limitd (后来的Ivanhoe Mines Limited)(以下简称Ivanhoe)与Tony Ricky Gardner(以下简称Gardner)签订了股权转让协议,约定Gardner将其持有的GBUK公司的股权转让给Ivanhoe。GBSA公司是GBUK公司的全资子公司。在股权转让协议中,Gardner就GBUK和GBSA的税务状况作出保证。
2007年10月,当事人就GBSA的税务责任发生争议,Ivanhoe扣留了一部分股权购买款,Gardner提起了仲裁程序。2008年7月10日,仲裁员根据当事人达成的和解条款作出合意裁决。根据该合意裁决:(1)Ivanhoe须支付剩余的股权购买款。(2)Gardner承诺承担由管辖法院确定的截止2006年6月30日的GBSA和GBUK的税务责任。(3)Gardner有权以GBUK和GBSA的名义对南非税务局的税务评估结果提出异议,Ivanhoe则负有协助义务。
随后,当事人就税务问题产生进一步争议,致使Ivanhoe在英格兰提起诉讼程序,英格兰法院根据当事人的调解结果作出一项命令(Tomlin命令)。根据该命令,“除下文第3段规定(关于申请费用的分摊)外,本申请中所有进一步的程序均应中止,除非是为了使本附表所列条款生效。”该命令的附表中包含以下规定:当事人就与股权转让协议、第一次仲裁程序和合意裁决有关的所有请求达成最终和解;Ivanhoe和Gardner在股权转让协议和合意裁决中所规定的对GBUK和GBSA税务责任的义务仍然有效。
在南非税务局签发针对GBSA的税务评估后,Gardner就该评估先向比勒陀利亚税务法院提出异议,再向南非上诉法院提出上诉。除其中一个事项外,南非税务局的评估获得上诉法院的支持。南非税务局根据上诉法院的判决重新进行了税务评估。
此后一段时间,因Gardner离开了南非,未留下联系地址,且终止了前律师Ewart Price的委任,Ivanhoe和南非税务局均无法与Gardner取得联系要求其支付GBSA的税款。最终,GBSA于2018年9月18日向南非税务局支付了税款。
2018年10月23日,Ivanhoe根据Tomlin命令向法院提出申请,请求Gardner返还GBSA已代为支付的税款(Tomlin申请)。该申请被送达给Gardner之前的律师,该律师告知其已不再担任Gardner代理,多年未有联系。Ivanhoe为寻找Gardner的地址作出许多努力,但均没有结果。
2018年11月14日,Ivanhoe根据《1996年仲裁法》第66条申请执行合意裁决。
2018年11月23日,在Gardner缺席的情况下,法院就Tomlin申请作出一项命令,要求Gardner支付税款和程序费用;对于执行合意裁决的申请,法院没有作出命令。法院的庭审通知和命令均已送达给Gardner的前律师Ewart Price,其副本送达给与Gardner曾有联系的一些地址(包括Gardner曾担任董事的公司,曾居住一段时间的酒店)。
2019年6月24日,Gardner与其前律师Ewart Price取得联系并得知了法院的执行命令。
2019年7月15日,Gardner根据《民事诉讼法》第3.1(2)(m)条、第3.1(7)条和第23.11条提交了本案申请,请求撤销2018年11月23日作出的命令。其中最为适用的是《民事诉讼法》第23.11条:“(1)在原告或被告未参加庭审时,法院可以缺席庭审;(2)如果(a)原告或被告未参加申请的庭审,且(b)法院在庭审时作出了命令,法院可以经申请或自行重审该申请的庭审。”(“(1) Where the applicant orany respondent fails to attend the hearing of an application, the court mayproceed in his absence. (2) Where (a) the applicant or any respondent fails toattend the hearing of an application; and (b) the court makes an order at thehearing, the court may, on application or of its own initiative, re-list theapplication”)
二、法院认定
法院认为,本案需要审议的事项至少包括:(1)申请人(Gardner)获悉针对其作出的命令后是否迅速采取行动;(2)申请人是否有充分理由不出席庭审;以及(3)申请人是否有合理的前景推翻2018年11月所作的命令。这些事项不仅需要确定,而且还需要权衡轻重。(There was no dispute at the hearing before me that the court should consider (at least) the following matters: (i) whether the applicant acted promptly when he learnt of the order made against him, (ii) whether he had a good reason for not attending the hearing and (iii) whether he has a reasonable prospect of overturning the order made in November 2018. These are not matters which must be established (cf applications after a trial pursuant to CPR39.3(5)) but are matters to be weighed in the balance (cf Forcelux Ltd. v Martyn Ewan Binnie [2009] EWCA Civ 854 at paragraph50).)
1. 有效送达
首先需要确定的是,向Gardner的前律师Ewart Price送达Tomlin申请是否构成向Gardner的有效送达。法院认为,由于Ewart Price仍然是记录在案的律师,故该申请已有效送达。Gardner认为,在诉讼结束后,Ewart Price不再是记录在案的律师,因为不存在记录在案的诉讼。对此,法院表示,英格兰的诉讼并未结束,而只是被Tomlin命令所中止。Gardner还表示,从Tomlin命令的签发到执行持续了将近10年时间,认为Ewart Price仍然是记录在案的律师不太现实。法院表示,合意裁决和Tomlin命令均提及Gardner支付税款的义务,Gardner对南非税务局的评估结果的上诉直到2014年才结束,而南非税务局是在2017年签发最终的税款支付书,认为Ewart Price在2018年仍然是记录在案的律师并非不现实。无论如何,Ewart Price仍然记录在案且没有提出移除记录的申请。因此,法院认为,Tomlin申请已有效送达Gardner。
2. 得知法院命令后迅速采取行动
Gardner于2019年6月24日得知法院命令,并于2019年7月15日提出撤销该命令的申请。在这点上,法院认为Gardner已及时提出撤销命令的申请。
3. 不参与庭审是否有良好理由
法院认为,仅凭Gardner不知晓存在Tomlin申请不能成为其不参与庭审的良好理由。从相关判例可知,法院有必要调查申请人为何不知道庭审(参见Brazil v Brazil [2002] EWCA Civ 1135案第12和21 段,以及Estate Acquisition and Development Ltd. v Wiltshire[2006] EWCA Civ 533 案第21和第22段)。
Ivanhoe的律师指出,Gardner有意试图避免其责任并避免接受通讯以使诉讼程序受阻。Gardner予以否认。法院认为,Gardner耗费了大量努力对税务评估提出异议。在上诉失败后,Gardner并未就支付其承诺支付的税款与Ivanhoe联系,而是在2015年11月25日的信函中建议探索无需支付税款的方案。在Gardner的南非律师收到税款缴付通知后,Gardner解除了该律师的聘用。从这些事件可以推断,Gardner不愿意支付其承诺支付的税款,并可以合理推断,Gardner希望Ivanhoe难以与之联系。因此,Gardner仅提供给南非律师一个英格兰的短暂停留的宾馆地址,而非在西班牙的长久地址。Gardner当时也未表示谁能够代表其接收通讯。
根据目前材料,法院认为Gardner不参与2018年11月的庭审不具有良好理由。相反,法院有充分的理由相信,关于税款评估的上诉失败后,Gardner不希望就自己承诺缴纳的税款与Ivanhoe联系,也不希望Ivanhoe就此事与之联系。Gardner在离开英格兰时也没有设置一种联系机制,使Ivanhoe能够在想要执行合意裁决或Tomlin命令时,将其意愿或相关的法院程序通知Gardner。(On the material available to the court on this application I am not persuaded that there was a good reason for Mr. Gardner not attending the hearing in November 2018. On the contrary there is good reason to believe that, having lost the Supreme Court appeal, he did not wish to be contacted about the tax he had promised to pay and hoped that Ivanhoe would be unable to contact him about it. He certainly did not leave in place a mechanism by which, if Ivanhoe wished to enforce the Consent Award or the Tomlin Order, they could notify him of their wish and of any relevant court proceedings (save of course for the fact that Ewart Price remained on the record in England))
4. 具有真实胜诉前景的抗辩
Tomlin命令的附表第8条规定:“为避免疑问,原告和被告在股权转让协议和合意裁决中所规定的对GBUK和GBSA税务责任的义务仍然有效(For the avoidance of doubt, the respective obligations and liabilities of the Claimant and of the Defendant in respect of the tax affairs of GBUK and GBSA as set in the SSA and the Consent Award shall remain in full force and effect)。” Tomlin命令的附表第10条规定:“原告和被告约定本附表所列事项,包括在第8条中所指的持续义务,由当事人约定全面和最终解决其针对对方提起的由股权转让协议、第一次仲裁和/或合意裁决产生或与之有关的所有索赔(The Claimant and the Defendant agree that the matters set out in this Schedule, including their ongoing obligations as referred to in paragraph 8 hereof, are agreed by them in full and final settlement of all claims they may have against each other arising out of or in connection with SSA, the First Arbitration and/or the Consent Award)”
首先,Gardner认为缴纳税款的义务实际上是合意裁决的一个条款,而不是Tomlin命令的条款,故不能根据Tomlin命令要求Gardner缴纳税款。Ivanhoe则认为,合意裁决和Tomlin命令均施加了缴纳税款的义务。
法院认为,Tomlin命令的附表罗列了当事人解决争议的条款,执行这些条款无需提起新的请求。因此,人们可以期待附表的条款将以Tomlin命令所设想的方式得到执行(The role of the schedule to the Tomlin Order is to set out the terms upon which the parties have settled their dispute and which may be enforced without the need to bring a new claim; see the terms of the Tomlin Order itself and in particular the opening sentence and orders 1 and 2. One would therefore expect that the terms in the schedule were to be enforceable in the manner contemplated by the Tomlin Order)。
法院认为,第10条的自然解释是,第8条中的“持续义务”是双方可能对彼此提出的全部和最终解决索赔的一部分。把第8条的义务从第10条的解决中剥离出来的建议与第10条的含义相反。第10条旨在包含而不是排除第8条中的义务。(The natural construction of clause 10, in my judgment,is that "the ongoing obligations" in clause 8 are part of the full and final settlement of the claims which the parties may have against each other. The suggestion that the obligations in clause 8 are carved out from the settlement in clause 10 appears to me to me to be contrary to the language of clause 10. Clause 10 purports to include, not exclude, the obligations in clause 8.)因此,法院支持Ivanhoe的观点认为,合意裁决和Tomlin命令均对Gardner施加了缴纳税款的义务,故可以根据Tomlin命令要求Gardner缴纳税款。
其次,在本案中,南非税务局根据上诉法院判决重新作出的税务评估没有转发给Gardner。Gardner据此认为,Ivanhoe未履行转交税务评估文件的行为导致Gardner失去了对税务评估提出异议的机会。Gardner提供证据证明如果其收到了这些文件,他将对重新作出的税务评估提出异议。法院认为,在本案申请中不能说Gardner的证据显然不值得相信,继而认为Gardner拟采取的抗辩完全没有获胜的前景。但是,此种抗辩似乎很弱,处于“有说服力”的边缘,但在现阶段不能说该论点缺乏真正的成功前景(it is not possible for the court on this application to say that his evidence is so clearly unworthy of belief that the suggested defence has no real prospect of success at trial. It appears weak and to be on the borderline of what "carries conviction" but I am unable to say at this stage that it has no real prospect of success)。
再次,Gardner认为其承诺承担“由有管辖权的法院最终确定的须缴纳的税务责任”,但这种责任并不存在。该论点提出了以下问题,即南非税务局在上诉法院判决后所作的税务评估是否属于“由有管辖权的法院最终确定的须缴纳的税务责任”。
法院认为,虽然税款的重新评估未经有管辖权的法院最终确定,而是由南非税务局完成,但是,这是因为当事人没有对该评估提出上诉。因此,当事人不能合理地打算通过合意裁决使Gardner在有权选择不就该评估提出上诉的情况下,免除缴纳税款的义务。合意裁决只能合理地使Gardner在对一项评估提出上诉并等待法院判决的情况下避免责任。(It is true that the revised assessment following the decision of the Supreme Court has not been determined to be due by a court of competent jurisdiction but by SARS. However, that is because there has been no appeal against that assessment. In my judgment the Consent Award cannot reasonably have been intended by the parties to entitle Mr. Gardner to avoid liability for tax assessed to be due by the SARS where he had chosen not to appeal against the assessment. The Consent Award can only have been reasonably intended to allow Mr. Gardner to avoid liability where he had appealed an assessment and the decision of the court was awaited.)
综上所述,法院认为,尽管Gardner在得知法院的命令后迅速采取措施请求撤销该命令,但Gardner未能证明不参与庭审是否有良好理由。Gardner的抗辩虽然不能被认为完全缺乏胜诉前景,但是该抗辩相当脆弱(Mr. Gardner has failed to show that there was a good reason for his not attending the hearing, though he did proceed promptly to set aside the court's order on learning of it. He has identified one ground of defence which, although it cannot be said to lack any real prospect of success, is rather weak)。在有良好理由相信Gardner不愿支付其承诺支付的税款,且希望Ivanhoe难以与之联系要求其履行缴纳税款的义务的情况下,Gardner请求法院重新审理Tomlin申请毫无吸引力(In circumstances where there is good reason to believe that Mr. Gardner did not wish to pay the tax he had agreed to pay and hoped (as proved to be the case) that Ivanhoe would have great difficulty in informing him of any steps they proposed to take to enforce his obligation to pay the tax in question his request that the court should re-list and re-hear the Tomlin Application is certainly unattractive and unappealing)。考虑到法院资源的有限性,当事人为避免执行法院命令而使债权人难以与之联系,这样的当事人不能合理地期待法院在为该事项安排一次庭审后,应发现自身企图逃避法院命令失败的当事人的要求,再为该事项安排一次庭审。基于这些理由,法院认为重新审理该事项不公平也不公正的,或者与首要目标不一致(Having regard to the court's limited resources a party who hopes to avoida court order against him by making it difficult for his creditor to track him down cannot reasonably expect the court, after the court has allocated one hearing to the matter, to allocate another hearing to the matter at the behest of the party who finds that his attempt at avoiding a court order against him has failed. For these reasons I have decided that it is not fair and just or in accordance with the overriding objective to relist (and to re-hear) this matter)。因此,法院驳回了Gardner以未获悉存在庭审并导致缺席庭审为由请求法院撤销执行命令并安排重审的请求。
三、评论
《民事诉讼法》第23.11条规定:“(1)在原告或被告未参加庭审时,法院可以缺席庭审;(2)如果(a)原告或被告未参加申请的庭审,且(b)法院在庭审时作出了命令,法院可以经申请或自行重审该申请的庭审。”本案当事人Gardner未获悉存在庭审并导致缺席庭审为由请求法院撤销执行命令并安排重审。
针对Gardner的请求,法院从以下几个方面进行审议:(1)涉案申请是否有效送达;(2)Gardner在得知执行命令后是否迅速采取行动;(3)Gardner不参与庭审是否有良好理由;(4)Gardner的抗辩是否具有真实胜诉前景。法院审理后认为,涉案申请已经有效送达,虽然Gardner在得知执行命令后迅速采取行动,但是,Gardner不参与庭审不具有良好理由。尽管Gardner的抗辩不能被认为完全缺乏胜诉前景,但是该抗辩相当脆弱。
从案件事实来看,有良好理由相信Gardner不愿支付其承诺支付的税款,且希望Ivanhoe难以与之联系以逃避缴纳税款的义务。考虑到法院资源的有限性,当事人为避免执行法院命令而使债权人难以与之联系,这样的当事人不能合理地期待法院在为该事项安排一次庭审,并在Gardner企图逃避法院命令失败后,应其要求再安排一次庭审。因此,Gardner以未获悉存在庭审并导致缺席庭审为由请求法院撤销执行命令并安排重审的请求被法院驳回。
另外,在本案中,当事人在仲裁程序中达成和解,仲裁庭作出合意裁决,其中规定了Gardner缴纳税款的义务。在发生进一步争议后,当事人在诉讼中再次达成和解,法院作出Tomlin命令,该命令承认了合意裁决条款的效力。由此引发的问题是Gardner缴纳税款的义务是如Gardner所言仅规定在合意裁决中(意味着仅能通过执行合意裁决要求Gardner缴纳税款),还是如Ivanhoe所言,既规定在合意裁决中也规定在Tomlin命令中(意味着可以通过执行合意裁决要求Gardner缴纳税款,也可以通过执行Tomlin命令要求Gardner缴纳税款)。对此,法院认为,Tomlin命令承认了合意裁决条款的效力,也规定了Gardner缴纳税款的义务,故Ivanhoe可以请求执行Tomlin命令要求Gardner缴纳税款。