2019年10月17日,在Entes IndustrialPlants Construction And Erection Contracting Co. Inc. v. Kyrgyz Republic Et Al一案中,美国华盛顿特区联邦地方法院驳回了被告基于非便利法院请求拒绝承认和执行裁决的动议,并部分支持了原告关于承认和执行外国仲裁裁决的请求。具体而言,法院支持了针对吉尔吉斯交通部的承认和执行裁决的请求,但是,针对吉尔吉斯国的承认和执行裁决请求须在提交补充意见后决定。法院对于当事人对非方便法院原则的排除适用通过引用案例规则进行论证,且对主权国家和国家机构是否受仲裁裁决执行约束进行了详细论述。这两个争议焦点,也反映出程序性争议对于实体诉讼权利的影响。
一、背景介绍
本案围绕被告两项程序性抗辩展开。第一,被告请求该法院依据非方便法院原则,驳回原告的诉讼请求;第二,如果法院支持原告的诉讼请求,被告请求法院确认该仲裁裁决的承认与执行仅及于吉尔吉斯交通运输部(后称“交通部”),不及于非仲裁程序当事人的吉尔吉斯共和国(后称“吉尔吉斯国”)。
本案原告为土耳其国际建筑公司Entes,与被告吉尔吉斯交通部签订了一份关于Bishkek-Osh公路建设施工合同。根据合同第67.3条,双方达成书面仲裁协议,后经联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)作出最终裁决。
该项目预计于2002年12月完成,但由于工程预算问题、极端天气和政权更迭运动的影响,最终于2005年10月完成。在最终裁决中对于工期延长增加的成本认定,Entes仅获得约116万美元的工程价款补偿,与其所申报的数额之差超过2亿美元。
2009年1月,Entes以交通部为被告,在吉尔吉斯首都Bishek提起仲裁。六年后,仲裁庭作出一致裁决由被告交通部向原告Entes支付1.66亿美元。
2018年9月26日,Entes以交通部和吉尔吉斯国为被告,在华盛顿特区联邦地方法院提起承认和执行仲裁协议之诉。之后双方对于应付工程款的数额达成了一致,本金和利息共约2500万美元。
被告仍提出,原告的诉讼请求应当根据非方便法院原则被驳回,但如果该仲裁裁决仍被承认,其效力也仅限于交通部。
二、法院认定
1. TMR规则运用——非方便法院原则不适用于本案
非方便法院原则的适用需考虑两个条件:1. 是否有合适的替代法院;2. 驳回诉讼请求是否更利于公共利益和私人利益的平衡。
法院基于哥伦比亚特区巡回法庭的TMR先例规则(TMR Energy Limitedv. State Property Fund of Ukraine),否决了基于非方便法院原则的适用。
TMR规则的含义是,当双方当事人均为外国主体,一方申请执行仲裁裁决的对象为另一方在美国境内目前可能拥有甚至将来可能拥有的资产,法院不可基于非方便法院驳回原告请求承认仲裁协议的诉讼请求(TMR requires that courts in this Circuit not dismiss a petition to confirm an arbitration award on the basis of forum non conveniens when a foreign entity attempts to enforce an award against another foreign entity that might—even in the future—hold property in the United States)。该规则是对非方便法院原则适用条件“是否有合适的替代法院”的运用,认为该案不存在更合适的法院,只有美国的法院才能使一个外国主体在美国的现有甚至将来的商业性质资产具有执行可能性(But the Circuit agreed with the district court that such public and private interest… SPF had failed to meet its burden of identifying “another forum adequate to the plaintiff’s case.” The Circuit reasoned that courts outside the United States—in Sweden or Ukraine, for instance—would not be an adequate forum to enforce the arbitral award because“only a court of the United States (or of one of them) may attach the commercial property of a foreign nation located in the United States)。
因此,被告根据案例脚注辩称TMR规则不考虑非方便法院原则在仲裁裁决执行的适用问题,属于对TMR规则的限缩解释,不被法院采纳(although the Circuit in TMR did not say that forum non conveniens does not apply to cases brought under the Convention, it did say that when applied in the context of a case like this one, it will not result in a dismissal)。TMR的案件事实与本案相符,TMR规则适用于本案。
2. 待承认仲裁裁决的对方当事人应为吉尔吉斯交通部
法院认可被告有权对吉尔吉斯国免受于执行进行抗辩,也认可被告对所适用法律标准的解读,但法院认为双方当事人未对该规则适用于本案事实进行充分论证,对这一关键问题的抗辩材料缺失,法院裁定补充诉讼材料(The Court agrees with the Kyrgyz Republic that Respondents are not precluded from arguing that the Kyrgyz Republic is not properly a party to this litigation. The Court also agrees with the Kyrgyz Republic’s assessment of which legal standards ought tobe applied to the question of whether the Award can be enforced against it.However, the parties insufficiently briefed the actual application of that doctrine to the facts at hand. Rather than rule without the benefit of adversarial briefing on this critical question of law, the Court orders supplemental briefing)。
(1)争点排除规则/禁止间接反言规则(The Doctrine ofIssue Preclusion)
争点排除/间接反言原则的含义是,禁止对已经被确实地向法院提起诉讼并经生效的法院判决且为裁判该案所必须的事实或法律争点再行诉讼,即使这一问题在不同的诉讼背景下重现(The doctrine of issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, “bars successive litigation of an issue of fact or law actually litigated and resolved in avalid court determination essential to the prior judgment, even if the issue recurs in the context of a different claim)。
法院认为,Entes不能基于加拿大法院判决,排除吉尔吉斯国对于其不受仲裁裁决约束进行抗辩。原因如下:Entes并未论证,安大略诉讼程序的当事人实际上就吉尔吉斯国和交通部对于确认《公约》裁决的目的而言是否是同一方提起了诉讼(Entes cannot rely upon the Canadian judgment to preclude the Kyrgyz Republic from arguing that it is not bound by the arbitration Award because Entes has not shown that the parties to the Ontario proceeding actually litigated whether the Kyrgyz Republic and the Ministry are one and the same for purposes of confirming the Award under the Convention. To qualify as actually litigated, an issue must have been “properly raised, by the pleadings or otherwise, and . . . submitted for determination)。
(2)外国主权豁免法案(Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act,“FSIA”)
尽管吉尔吉斯国并非仲裁协议当事人一方,法院指出双方并未对吉尔吉斯国是否受待承认的仲裁裁决约束进行充分论证。
根据Banec的基本框架,为确定仲裁裁决是否能够得到确认,不仅是针对外交部,也针对吉尔吉斯国,需要解决两个问题:(1)交通部是否属于有权“推定独立”的实体类型(presumption of separation)以及(2)如果属于,是否存在例外情形,使得“推定独立”不再适用(Following Banec’s framework then, there are two questions to address in order to determine whether the arbitration Award can be confirmed,not just against the Ministry, but against the Kyrgyz Republic as well:(1) whether the Ministry is the type of entity entitled to the presumption of separateness in the first place; and (2) if it is, whether one of the Banec exceptions applies and the presumption of separateness falls away)。
推定独立的分析要点:(该国家机构的)建立是通过立法赋予其权力和职责;作为法律主体可持有资产,具有诉讼主体资格;由政府选任的委员会管理;财务自主;作为特殊的经济型企业经营,通常不像政府机构那样受行政要求约束(Creation by an enabling law that prescribes the instrumentality's powers and duties; establishment as a separate juridical entity with the capacity to hold property and to sue and be sued; management by a government-selected board; primary responsibility for its own finances; and operation as a distinct economic enterprise that often is not subject to the same administrative requirements that apply to government agencies)。
例外情形包括因受主权国家广泛控制而建立了代理关系,或是认定该机构独立于国家会导致欺诈或不公([t]hat presumption may be overcome in two situations: First, ‘t]hat presumption may be overcome in two situations: First, ten is not subject to the same administrative requirements that apply to government agencies to sue and be sued; management by agovernment-selected board; primary responsibility for)。
法院通过解读吉尔吉斯国内法,认定交通部符合推定独立的条件。对于例外情形,如果Entes能论证上述任一例外情形,即使吉尔吉斯国非仲裁裁决当事人,也能受裁决约束。
双方当事人均未向法院就上述问题进行论证。因此,法院要求双方当事人就Banec规则的适用提交补充材料。
综上所述,法院驳回了被告基于非便利法院请求拒绝承认和执行裁决的动议,并部分支持了Entes关于承认和执行外国仲裁裁决的请求。具体而言,法院支持了针对吉尔吉斯交通部的承认和执行裁决的请求,但是,针对吉尔吉斯国的承认和执行裁决请求须在提交补充意见后决定。在这个方面,法院命令当事人在30天内就Banec规则是否适用于吉尔吉斯交通部和吉尔吉斯国之间的关系提交补充材料(For the foregoing reasons, Entes’s Petition to Confirm and Enforce Foreign Arbitral Award, ECF No. 1is GRANTED IN PART as to the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic. Respondents’Motion to Dismiss for forum non conveniens is DENIED.And the parties are ORDERED to provide supplemental briefing within 30 days as to how Banec applies to the relationship between the Ministry and the Republic as set forth above. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued)。
三、评论
本案中,哥伦比亚特区联邦地方法院对于非方便法院原则的排除适用引用了TMR规则,对于美国法院承认与执行仲裁裁决提供了有力的法律依据,将仲裁裁决在美国得到执行的可能性进行了积极的预估,着眼于现在的同时也将可能性留给了将来企业在美国的发展。当事人或许出于对公平中立的倾向,选择了与双方关联较弱的美国,这体现了国际商事仲裁裁决执行的可选择性和便利性,也是国际仲裁的独有优势。同时也不难看出,外国仲裁裁决的承认与执行尚建立在一个并不稳定的平台上,法律所维护的公平和效率之间的动态平衡也给商事活动带来很多不确定性。
对于主权国家和国家机关作为仲裁裁决承认与执行之诉的当事人,美国联邦仲裁法案和外国主权豁免法案规定了详细的定义以及例外,在本案中体现了对于国家和国家机关作为当事人参与到仲裁和诉讼活动中,国际商事仲裁和美国国内仲裁相应法律提供了充分的便利和法律依据。而其中对于国家主权豁免的例外规定,为涉及主权国家的裁决执行提供了法律上的可能性和执行有效性。