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股东协议中的仲裁条款是否适用于破产争议(香港案例)

201996日,在In The Matter of Golden Oasis Health Limited [2019] HKCFI 2173一案中,香港高等法院原讼法庭继续考量了之前充满争议的Re Southwest Pacific Bauxite (HK) Ltd [2018] HKLRD 449案(Lasmos案)和疑似推翻该案的But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC[2019] HKCA 873案,但是没有直接完全适用后案,而是也参考了前案。本案的审理主要是基于《股东协议》和《股权转让协议》及转让契据互相之间的独立性,以及公司本身与其股东和债权人之间的独立性,裁定《股东协议》中的仲裁条款不扩大适用于破产争议。

 

一、背景介绍

New Health Elite International Ltd(以下简称“ NHE”)向法院提交传票要求Golden Oasis Health Ltd(“公司”)根据其《股东协议》中所载的一项仲裁条款,暂停程序,以待仲裁申请人Gold Swing Enterprises Ltd (“GSE”)NHE之间的申请。

 

本案涉及NHE是否有权依靠协议进行仲裁来中止破产申请。在这方面,NHE主要依赖于Harris JRe Southwest Pacific Bauxite (HK) Ltd [2018] HKLRD 449案的判决(“Lasmos案”)。

 

在事实上,GSENHE是公司的股东,分别持有其20%61%的股份。其他股东只剩下SmartBase Properties Ltd (HK) (“SBP”),大股东NHE与其他两股东之间存在争议。

 

 2018614日,SBP提出了以破产为由对公司进行清算并任命临时清算人的申请,该申请得到了GSE的支持,但是自201811月以来没有进一步进展。

 

申请是基于本公司欠SmartEven Ventures Ltd“SEV”)的5,899,844港元债务,该债务已通过转让契据转让给GSE。契据是交易的一部分,因此SEV将其在本公司的20%股权出售给GSE,而债务代表公司应向SEV支付的股东贷款。SEVChina Wah Yan Healthcare Ltd. (“CWY”)的子公司,一家拥有NHE77.4%权益的在香港上市公司。该契据也得到公司的明确承认和执行。

 

在签订契据的同一天,公司的股东签订了协议。当时有4个股东——SBP19%),GSE20%)和NHE60%,还有CWY的全资子公司GigaPower Chapter Group Ltd(“Giga”),其后将Giga1%股份转让给NHE

 

《股东协议》第17.1条规定其准据法为香港法,并服协议各方从香港法院的非专属管辖权。(This Agreement shall be governed by … the laws of Hong Kong and the parties hereto submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of HongKong.

 

17.2条规定该协议的任何一方均有权根据国际商会的仲裁前公断程序规则(the pre-arbitral referee procedure),提交国际商会的仲裁前公断程序并受其约束。(Any party to this Agreement shall have the right to have recourse to and shall be bound by the pre-arbitral referee procedure of the International Chamber of Commerce in accordance with its Rules for a Pre-Arbitral Referee Procedure.

 

17.3条规定,任何因本协议引起的或与本协议有关的争议,应最终由根据上述仲裁规则任命的一名或多名仲裁员根据国际商会仲裁规则解决。(Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be finally settled under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules of Arbitration.

 

GSE根据《股东协议》第16.4条完整协议条款(entire agreement clause)向法院提起诉讼。

 

NHE主张该公司对债务的性质存在真实争议(a bona fide dispute),因为股东之间已经有了默示共识,即公司是MegaFitness的一家控股公司,该股权作为唯一的重大资产,并且包括债务的股东从股东向公司的股东贷款将注入Mega Fitness中,对此股东在未经其他股东同意之前无权要求对此偿还。(It is a central feature of NHE’s case, which is disputed, that the Company has a bona fide dispute on the nature of the Debt because “it has been the common understanding and implied agreement among the shareholders that the Company is a holding company with its interest in Mega Fitness as the sole material asset, and that shareholders’ loans from the shareholders to the Company (including … the [Debt]) were to be injected into Mega Fitness as capital contribution which the shareholders are not entitled to call for repayment without consent of the other shareholders” (1st Affirmation of Mr Gaston Lam, §38).)这追溯到20148CWY收购了Mega Fitness的多数股权(55%),而收购之前Mega FitnessGSE全资持有有。收购是通过公司作为公司工具完成的,即收购后55%的股份已转让给公司。

 

2016216日,依照《股权转让协议》,Giga持有的公司19%的股份被出售给SBP。作为交易的一部分,Giga向公司提供的股东贷款已转让给SBP。就在当天,SEV通过另一份《股权转让协议》将其在公司中20%的股份出售给了GSE。两份《股权转让协议》的条款几乎相同,每份协议均包含转让契据,卖方将其股东贷款转让给买方。这些契据的条款也几乎相同。

 

二、法院认定

Harris JRe Southwest Pacific Bauxite (HK) Ltd [2018] HKLRD 449案(Lasmos案)裁定,在满足以下三个要求的情况下,以破产为由清算公司的申请“通常被驳回”:

1)如果公司对申请人所主张的债务有异议;

2)债务实体合同中包含仲裁条款以涵盖与债务有关的任何争议;以及

3)公司采取仲裁条款所要求的步骤,以启动合同规定的争议解决程序(可能包括调解等初步阶段),并根据《公司(清算)规则》第32H章第32条提出确认书以证明这一点。

In Lasmos, Harris J held that a petition to wind up a company on insolvency grounds should “generally be dismissed” when 3 requirements are met :

(1)     if a company disputes the debt relied on by the petitioner;

(2)     the contract under which the debt is alleged to arise contains an arbitration clause that covers any dispute relating to the debt; and

(3)     the company takes the steps required under the arbitration clause to commence the contractually mandated dispute resolution process (which might include preliminary stages such as mediation) and files an affirmation in accordance with r.32 of the Companies (Winding-Up) Rules, Cap 32H, demonstrating this.

 

在后来的But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC [2019] HKCA 873案中,上诉法院对Lasmos方法表示有所保留。上诉法院在附带意见(ObiterDicta)中指出,是否终止诉讼程序是由法院的裁量权决定的,因此,对出现以上情形是否一定中止程序存在疑问。其次,在中止申请人是否应证明申请债务是有充分理由的正当争议,或者如Lasmos案所指的要有表明该债务不被接受即可以,对于该两点该如何取舍上诉法院表示持保留意见。(The obiter dicta of the CA concerned, firstly, the jurisdiction of the court to order a stay in that it is founded on the discretion of the court, and therefore it is questionable whether a firm rule in favour of a stay would be right (see §§58-67 of the judgment). Secondly, the CA expressed reservation whether the applicant for a stay should demonstrate that the petitioning debtis bona fide disputed on substantial grounds or, as suggested by the Lasmos, it is sufficient to show that the debt is not admitted (§§68-73).

 

GSENHE主张的所谓默示共识提出异议,并主张其和NHE无法以充分的理由证明任何真实争议来反驳申请。关于对仲裁条款的适用,GSE主张:(i)公司不是《股东协议》的当事方;ii)债务由《股东协议》所产生;iii)实体合同(《股权转让协议》和契据)不包含仲裁协议。此外,仲裁条款的范围不包括与债务或契据有关的任何争议,尤其是在应偿还债务这方面。采用Lasmos方法时,由于NHE未能按照仲裁条款的规定采取任何步骤将争议提交仲裁,NHE和公司都无法满足该方法的要求(2)和要求(3),因此必须撤消传票。

 

法院的观点是,在处理仲裁条款这方面没有必要处理But Ka Chon中的保留意见,因为法院不认为NHE能满足Lasmos方法的要求(2)和要求(3)。

 

关于要求(2),因为产生债务的基础是契据可能还有《股权转让协议》。契据或《股权转让协议》均未包含任何仲裁条款。相反,两者均包含赋予香港法院管辖权的管辖权条款,赋予香港法院管辖权。契据中的管辖权条款中的“与此有关”(in connection)字样赋予了此类管辖权。(In respect of Requirement (2), the contract(s) under which the Debt arose is the Deed (and possibly also the SPA). Neither the Deed nor the SPA contained any arbitration clause.  On the contrary, both contained a jurisdiction clause which conferred jurisdiction on Hong Kong courts.  The jurisdiction clause in the Deed conferred such jurisdiction “in connection” therewith.

 

NHE未正确解决要求(2)和(3)的如何已经获得满足的问题。 NHE主张,法院要处理的问题是该债务是股东的贷款还是未经所有股东的同意即无法偿还的注资,其基础是两个加拿大案例Ghassemvand v Premium Weatherstripping Inc [2017] BCCA 309 Steven Elefant v Genwood Industries Ltd[2018] QCCS 4590,主张本问题是事实问题,其解决要求法院考虑到所有有关情况。法院拒绝采纳这种观点。首先,没有证据表明所谓的默示共识为何时产生。该债务是SEV授予公司的股东贷款。 GSE当时不是本公司的股东,因此无法成为当时股东之间的任何共识或默示协议的一方。 GSEGiga知晓的情况下,获得了没有任何权利负担的债务的转让。此外,公司仅将SEV授予的部分股东贷款用作向Mega注入资金。(To begin with, there is no evidence on when the alleged understanding arose.  The Debt was a shareholder’s loan granted by SEV to the Company.  GSE was not a shareholder of the Company at the time and could not be party to any understanding or implied agreement between the then shareholders.  GSE, with Mr Gaston Lam’s knowledge, took the assignment ofthe Debt free from any encumbrance.

32.  Further, only part of the shareholder’s loan granted by SEV was used by the Company as injection of capital into Mega.

 

尽管《股权转让协议》是通过在与《股东协议》同日签署的契据而签署完毕的,但《股权转让协议》与《股东协议》无关,其关联仅仅体现在GSE通过《股权转让协议》成为公司股东。因此,如果存在某种基础上的共识或默示协议,很难看到它们如何适用于涉及不同当事方的《股权转让协议》和契据。(Although the SPA was completed with the execution of the Deed which took place on the same day as the Agreement, it was unrelated to the Agreement save that it was the former by which GSE became a shareholder of the Company and without that status the Agreement would have nothing to do with it. )本案债务是GSE主张的对公司的债权,公司不是《股东协议》的当事方,《股东协议》的当事方是其股东。( Therefore, if there was certain understanding or implied agreement which underpinned the Agreement, it is very difficult to see how they could have applied to the SPA and the Deed which concerned different parties. The Debt is a claim by GSE against the Company.  The Company is not a party to the Agreement, its shareholders are.NHE主张的默示共识不仅不存在,而且与契据的明示条款相矛盾。

 

债务所基于的契据中载有管辖权条款,赋予香港法院“与此有关”的管辖权。法院认为契据的第7条是管辖条款,适用于与债务有关的任何争议,包括申请。

 

除了缺少任何可以满足要求(2)的相关仲裁条款外,法院不认为有债务或契据有关的争议属于仲裁条款的范围。关于协议第17.2条,与债务或契据有关的任何争议均由GSE与公司之间进行。后者不是《股东协议》的当事方,也无权诉诸任何仲裁前裁判程序。关于第17.3条,法院不认为与债务或契据有关的任何争议都可以被视为“由本协议产生或与本协议有关”。该协议未提及债务或契据,因此与它们无关。

 

要求(3)在But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC [2019] HKCA 873案中获得了上诉法院的支持,其指出“当债务人没有真正的仲裁意图时,仅根据仲裁协议的存在就驳回或中止破产申请是无理的”([i]t would make no sense to dismiss or stay an insolvency petition on the mere existence of an arbitration agreement when the debtor has no genuine intention to arbitrate)。

 

在本案中,公司或NHE均未根据仲裁条款开始仲裁程序。尽管有这样的事实,即GSE2018418日对公司给出法定主张,申请于2018824日作出,传票于2019212日发出。因此,很难看出公司或者NHE中有任何一方有任何真正的仲裁意图。(In this case, no arbitral proceedings have been commenced by either the Company or NHE pursuant to the Arbitration Clause. This is notwithstanding the fact that GSE’s Statutory Demand against the Company was issued on 18 April 2018, the Petition was issued on 24 August 2018 and the Summons was issued on 12 February 2019.  It is therefore very difficult to see any genuine intention to arbitrate on either the part of the Company or NHE.

 

NHE要求依据它已要求根据《仲裁条款》将争议提交仲裁这一事实,但是这样的请求不满足要求(3)。

 

出于这些原因,无论是否应遵循Lasmos案的做法,仲裁条款不支持排除法院管辖权。

 

三、评论

由于But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC[2019] HKCA 873一案中,香港上诉法院对仅仅是在附带意见(Obiter Dicta)中可能推翻了Lasmos方法,而本案并不直接适用该点,法院也在审理过程中表现出了谨慎的态度,参考了Lasmos方法的适用。本案主要否定的是NHE主张该公司对债务的性质存在真实争议,即本案的仲裁协议记载于《股东协议》中,只有股东才是《股东协议》的当事人。后续的其他《股权转让协议》和转让契据涉及的是其他法律关系,与《股东协议》无关。以及对NHE主张的所谓的公司是Mega Fitness的一家控股公司,该股权作为唯一的重大资产,其注入资产的默示共识属于《股东协议》的一部分客观上并不成立并且与契据的明示条款相矛盾。