2019年9月16日,在BTN and Another v BTP and Another, [2019] SGHC 212一案中,当事双方就仲裁庭针对相关法院判决既判力问题作出的认定是否属于管辖权问题发生争议,一方主张该问题属于仲裁庭管辖权问题,要求新加坡法院对相关裁决进行审查,对此,新加坡高等法院Belinda Ang Saw Ean J法官认为:既判力原则属于请求的可受理性(Admissibilityof Claim)范畴;基于对既判力(ResJudicata)和管辖权(Jurisdiction)概念的理解,仲裁庭在部分裁决中关于禁止反言问题的认定并不是一项管辖权决定,故无论仲裁庭在其部分裁决中对事实或法律问题的认定是否正确,法院都无权进行重新审查(“In my view, the doctrine of resjudicata falls within the concept of admissibility of claim”;“In my view, based on the understanding of the concepts of res judicata and jurisdiction as explained by the Court of Appeal in TT International, the Tribunal’s decision in the Partial Award on issue estoppel is not a jurisdictional decision. The upshot of this is that whether the Tribunal’s decision in the Partial Award is correct in fact or in law cannot be reviewed de novo by the court.”)。
一、案情介绍
本案第一原告BTN(以下简称“BTN”)为一家毛里求斯上市公司,第二原告BTO(以下简称“BTO”)为一家马来西亚公司,两被告则为一家集团公司所有人(以下简称“BTP”和“BTQ”),其中第二原告为该集团公司的主要持股公司。
2012年9月26日,BTN同两被告签订《股份及购买协议》(Share and Purchase Agreement,即“SPA”),由BTN获得集团公司的所有权和控制权。根据SPA约定,两被告BTP和BTQ受雇于第一原告公司BTN,双方的劳动关系由《促进就业协议》规定。
2012年11月,BTN作为公司方同两被告正式签订《促进就业协议》(Promoter Employment Agreements,以下简称“PEAs”),第二原告BTP则作为确认方,由第一被告BTP担任公司首席执行官(CEO),由第二被告BTQ担任公司首席技术官(CTO)。SPA和PEAs都对双方劳动关系进行了相同内容的约定,其中包括劳动关系的“有正当理由终止”(With-cause Termination)和“无正当理由终止”(Without-cause Termination)。
根据PEAs第18.4条“争议解决条款”:
“…由本协议产生或与本协议有关的任何争议,当事各方应通过友好协商解决…当事各方如无法在30日内友好解决,任何一方可依据《SIAC仲裁规则》将争议提交至具有约束力的仲裁…仲裁裁决对当事各方具有终局性和约束力,当事方有权向有管辖权的法院申请执行该裁决…仲裁开庭地在新加坡,仲裁语言为英语”(“…18.4.2 Subject to Clause 18.4.1 above, any Dispute shall be finally submitted to binding arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“Arbitration Rules”). ...18.4.3The arbitration award shall be final and binding on the Parties and the Parties shall be entitled to apply to a court of competent jurisdiction for enforcement of such award. ... The venue of the arbitration shall be Singapore. The language of the arbitration shall be English.”)。
根据PEAs第18.5条“适用法和管辖权条款”:
“本协议和当事各方的关系受马来西亚法的管辖和解释,在不违反第18.4条争议解决条款的情况下,马来西亚法院对本协议产生的所有事项拥有专属管辖权”(“This Agreement and the relationship between the Parties hereto shall be governed by, and interpreted in accordance with, the laws of Malaysia. Subject to the provisions of Clause 18.4 (Dispute Resolution), the courts of Malaysia shall have exclusive jurisdiction in relation to all matters arising out of this Agreement.”)。
SPA规定了和PEAs相同的“争议解决条款”,但SPA第17.5条“适用法和管辖权条款”却有所不同:
“本协议和当事各方的关系受毛里求斯法的管辖和解释,在不违反争议解决条款的情况下,毛里求斯法院对本协议产生的所有事项拥有专属管辖权”(“This Agreement and the relationship between the Parties hereto shall be governed by, and interpreted in accordance with, the laws of Mauritius, without reference to the conflict of law principles. Subject to the provisions of Clause 17.4 (Dispute Resolution), the courts of Mauritius shall have exclusive jurisdiction in relation to all matters arising out of this Agreement.”)。
2014年1月8日,BTO作为公司方向两被告发出解雇通知。根据马来西亚《1967年劳资关系法》(the Industrial Relations Act 1967)第20条规定,BTP和BTQ作为被解雇方向“马来西亚劳动法院”(Malaysian Industrial Court,以下简称“MIC”)提起诉讼,请求法院作出声明(Declaration),其与公司方BTO的劳动关系属于“无正当理由终止”(Termination without cause);公司方BTO则未参与该法院诉讼。2015年4月6日和7月29日,MIC作出有利于BTP和BTQ的最终判决。
2016年7月,BTP和BTQ作为仲裁申请人根据SPA的仲裁条款将双方争议提交仲裁,主张公司BTO无正当理由解除双方劳动合同,根据约定应向其支付赔偿金。BTO提出抗辩,主张双方之间的劳动合同是有正当理由解除。但劳方则主张,MIC判决具有既判力(Res Judicata),其对双方劳动关系是否构成无正当理由解除的争议具有约束力(Binding)。
二、仲裁庭认定:MIC判决具有既判力(Res Judicata)
仲裁庭根据当事双方主张,总结本案核心争议为:马来西亚劳动法院作出的判决(即“MIC判决”)针对相关争议作出的认定结论是否具有“既判力”?以及,该判决内容是否对仲裁庭具有约束力?
经审理,仲裁庭作出部分裁决(Partial Award),认定:
(1)根据SPA和PEAs,MIC关于双方劳动关系的解除是否具有正当理由的认定结论具有约束力和决定性(“The determinations by the [MIC] that the Claimants were terminated without just cause or excuse is binding and conclusive for the purposes of termination “Without Cause” under the [SPA] and the [PEAs].”);
(2)根据新加坡法禁反言原则,被申请人不得再就双方劳动关系是否有正当理由解除的问题进行争辩(“The Respondents are in addition prevented from arguing that the Claimants were terminated “With Cause” under the [SPA] and the [PEAs] by the doctrine of issue estoppel under Singapore law.”)。
BTO作为仲裁被申请人不服该部分裁决,主张该部分裁决构成一份否定性管辖权决定(Negative Jurisdictional Decision),根据新加坡《国际仲裁法》(International Arbitration Act)第10(3)(b)条向新加坡高等法院请求撤销该部分裁决。
三、新加坡高等法院认定:仲裁庭对既判力问题的认定不属于管辖权决定
根据新加坡《国际仲裁法》第10(3)(b)条规定:“如果仲裁庭就以下问题作出裁定:(a)以先决问题的形式决定其具有管辖权;(b)在仲裁程序任何阶段决定其不具有管辖权,任何一方当事人在收到相关裁决通知后30日内应请求高等法院做该问题作出决定”(“If the arbitral tribunal rules –(a) on a plea as a preliminary question that it has jurisdiction; or (b) on a plea at any stage of the arbitral proceedings that it has no jurisdiction, any party may, within 30 days after having received notice of that ruling, apply to the High Court to decide the matter.”)。
根据第10(3)(b)条规定可知,该条仅在法院认定其不具有管辖权的情况下适用,故该项争议的核心在于当事人提出异议的部分裁决是否属于仲裁庭对其管辖权作出的决定。对此,新加坡高等法院对此持否定意见,即仲裁庭作出的部分裁决不属于对其管辖权作出的决定。其中关于“既判力”问题是否属于管辖权问题,法院具体认定如下:
首先,根据判例The Royal Bank of Scotland NV (formerly known as ABN Amro Bank NV) and others v TT International Ltd (nTan Corporate Advisory Pte Ltd and others, other parties) and another appeal [2015] 5 SLR 1104(以下简称“TT International案”)可知,既判力针对的是诉讼当事人,而非法院;其禁止当事人重复就有关争议提出主张,但该原则并不对法院审理争议的权利产生任何影响,法院在听取相关意见后,可决定相关争议是否由于既判力被排除。即使法院对这一问题的认定可能是错误的,但这并不能使该错误的决定转变成其不具有管辖权的决定(“Res judicata operates against the litigants, and not against the court: it bars the litigants from raising an issue or advancing a contention, and if a party persuades the court that a matter is caught by the doctrine, the court would grant an order giving effect to this; but, the doctrine does not have any effect on the court’s authority to hear the dispute before it and, having heard it, to determine whether or not to uphold the argument that the matter in question is foreclosed by res judicata. Of course, the court might be mistaken in its assessment of that argument, but that does not convert what might well be an erroneous decision into one which was made without jurisdiction.”)。法院认为,该判例适用于本案,而上述结论同样适用于仲裁庭。根据SPA仲裁条款,仲裁庭被授权就当事双方提交的相关争议作出认定,而其中既判力问题同样属于当事双方所争议事项,仲裁庭对该项问题进行认定同样属于行使其管辖权。
其次,法院认为,为更好地区分既判力问题和管辖权问题,可进一步对管辖权问题和可受理性问题作出区分。根据本案Belinda Ang Saw Ean J法官在BAZ v BBA and others and other matters [2018] SGHC 275(即“BAZ案”)针对时效问题是否属于管辖权问题还是可受理问题(本公众号于2019年1月15日推出仲裁早新闻《关于时效问题的认定:管辖权问题or可受理性问题?》对该案进行了详细的介绍)的认定可知,如果反对一方所针对的对象是仲裁庭,则该争议属于仲裁庭管辖权问题;如果所针对的对象是一方的请求,则该争议属于主张请求的可受理性问题(“The main distinguishing point between the two concepts is whether the objecting party takes aim at the tribunal or at the claim, with the former concerning the jurisdiction of the tribunal and the latter concerning the admissibility of the claim.”)。
最后,在本案中,法院认为,既判力争议属于请求的可受理性范畴,其针对的对象是请求本身,而非仲裁庭作为审理主体是否有瑕疵(“In my view, the doctrine of res judicata falls within the concept of admissibility of claim: it takes aim at the claim, and not at the defect of the improper forum.”)。既判力原则的适用,主要是排除当事人就个别争议事项或请求再提出主张,其认为仲裁庭对相关争议的实体部分进行审理是不适当的(inappropriate)或者不合适的(unsuitable),因此,该问题属于可受理性问题(Admissibility),而非管辖权问题(Jurisdiction)。
综上,法院认定,仲裁庭在部分裁决中对MIC判决既判力问题的认定属于对相关争议是否具有可受理性的认定,而非构成对其是否管辖权的认定,故驳回当事人根据《国际仲裁法》第10(3)(b)条对部分裁决提出的管辖权异议。
四、评析
关于既判力问题是否属于管辖权问题这一争议,Belinda Ang SawEan J法官除了援引“TT International案”和“BAZ案”作为本案指导判例,还引用了诸多学术观点以及外国法院判决进行论证,其中包括Gretta Walters的Fitting a Square Peg into a Round Hole: Do Res Judicata Challenges in International Arbitration Constitute Jurisdictional or Admissibility Problems?((2012) 29 Journal of International Arbitration 6 at p 651)、Hanno Wehland的Jurisdiction and Admissibility in Proceedings under the ICSID Convention and the ICSID Additional Facility Rules,以及Jan Paulsson的Jurisdiction and Admissibility等学者文章,以论证既判力问题属于可受理性问题,而非管辖权问题。此外,还援引了美国判例Chiron Corp v Ortho Diagnostic Systems 207F 3d 1126 (9th Circuit, 2000)和法国判例Marriott International Hotels, Inc v JNAH Development SA, Court of Appeal, Paris, No 09/13550, 9 September 2010等外国案例以证明既判力问题的属性。通过上述从学术正面和各国司法实践可知,虽然存在个别例外情形,但当事人就既判力问题发生的争议应当属于可受理性问题,仲裁庭对该问题进行的认定本质上属于对争议实体部分的决定,不属于对其管辖权作出的决定。