案例概要:
2022年5月5日,欧洲法院就London Steam-Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association [2022] EUECJ C-70020_O案作出判决。法院认为,《英国仲裁法》第66条下的执行仲裁裁决的判决因《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)项下的仲裁例外而不属于该规则的适用范围,但该判决仍然构成第34(3)项下的成员国相关“判决”,被请求执行涉及同一争议的西班牙判决的英国法院因此可以审查西班牙判决是否与英国执行仲裁裁决的判决相冲突。
案件背景:
2002年注册在巴哈马的M/T Prestige号油轮在西班牙海岸断裂沉没,泄露的燃油造成西班牙和法国海岸的巨大损害,事故导致了西班牙拉科鲁尼亚省法院和英格兰与威尔士高等法院的两份判决。西班牙政府请求在英国承认判决,在英国脱欧前夕,英格兰和威尔士高等法院向欧洲法院就管辖权和判决的承认与执行出具咨询意见。
油轮沉没时,船东向伦敦汽船船东互保协会(下称“互保协会”)购买了保险,互保协会同意就船舶污染责任提供最高10亿美元的保险。该保险适用互保协会规则,规则第43条包含有仲裁条款,约定由独任仲裁员在伦敦进行仲裁,适用英国法和1996年《英国仲裁法》。2002年,西班牙对油轮的船长和总工程师提起刑事程序。2010年,西班牙根据《西班牙刑法典》第117条对包括互保协会的多名被告提起民事赔偿诉讼,互保协会未参与该程序。
2012年,互保协会在伦敦提起仲裁程序,主张根据互保协会规则的仲裁条款,西班牙政府应当在伦敦就民事赔偿提出主张,并且根据英国法或保险合同,互保协会不对西班牙政府负有赔偿责任。西班牙政府未参与伦敦的仲裁程序。2013年,仲裁庭作出裁决,认定根据英国的冲突法,保险合同将适用英国法,西班牙政府未能履行仲裁条款和先赔付条款(pay to be paid clause),其不能从船东的合同权利中获益。西班牙政府应当通过在伦敦提起仲裁向互保协会主张保险款。此外,在船东未先履行损害赔偿责任的情况下,互保协会不对西班牙政府附有赔偿责任。
2013年,互保协会根据《英国仲裁法》第66.1款和66.2款请求英国法院执行仲裁裁决。西班牙政府则根据《英国仲裁法》第67条和72条请求撤销仲裁裁决,理由是仲裁庭缺乏管辖权以及争议未能适当地提交仲裁。英国法院驳回西班牙的请求,并根据《英国仲裁法》第66.2款执行仲裁裁决。西班牙政府向英格兰和威尔士上诉法院提起上诉,该上诉于2015年4月1日被上诉法院驳回。
2013年,西班牙拉科鲁尼亚省法院作出判决。多方当事人向西班牙最高法院提起上诉,2016年最高法院判决船东和船长对民事赔偿承担责任,而互保协会根据《西班牙刑法典》第117条承担以10亿美元为限额的直接责任,并将案件移交科鲁尼亚省法院以确定责任金额。2017年,科鲁尼亚省法院判决船长、船东和互保协会供需承担10亿美元限额的赔偿责任。多方当事人向最高法院就该判决提起上诉,最高法院维持了原判决。2019年,科鲁尼亚省法院发布执行令,并确认了包括西班牙政府在内的各申请人可以向包括互保协会在内的被申请人分别主张的金额。
2019年3月,西班牙政府根据欧盟44/2001号条例(《关于民商事案件管辖权和判决承认与执行的规则》,以下称“《布鲁塞尔规则》”)第33条请求英格兰和威尔士高等法院承认西班牙法院判决。2019年6月,互保协会基于两点理由根据《布鲁塞尔规则》第34(3)条就西班牙的判决登记提起上诉:首先,西班牙判决是与2015年4月1日英格兰和威尔士驳回撤销裁决申请的判决不相符的;其次,西班牙判决的承认和执行是明显违反英国公共政策的。西班牙政府就互保协会的上诉提起异议,其请求英国法院就《布鲁塞尔规则》的解释向欧洲法院提请初步裁决。
2020年12月,英格兰和威尔士高等法院向欧洲法院请求就《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)项和第34(1)、34(3)款的解释作出初步裁决(preliminary ruling):
1、执行《英国仲裁法》第66条下的仲裁裁决的判决是否属于《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的被请求执行国的相关“判决”?(Given the nature of the issues which the national court is required to determine in deciding whether to enter judgment in the terms of an award under section 66 of the Arbitration Act 1996, is a judgment granted pursuant to that provision capable of constituting a relevant judgment of the Member State in which recognition is sought for the purposes of Article 34(3) of Regulation No 44/2001?)
2、若执行《英国仲裁法》第66条下的仲裁裁决的判决因《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)项下的仲裁例外而不属于该规则的适用范围,该判决是否可以构成第34.3项下的成员国相关“判决”?(Given that a judgment entered in the terms of an award, such as a judgment under section 66 of the Arbitration Act 1996, is a judgment falling outside the material scope of Regulation No 44/2001 by reason of the Article 1(2)(d) arbitration exception is such a judgment capable of constituting a relevant ‘judgment’ of the Member State in which recognition is sought for the purposes of Article 34(3) of the regulation?)
3、假设《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款不适用,是否可以根据《布鲁塞尔规则》第34(1)条下的承认与执行裁决将违反先例原则这一国内公共政策而拒绝承认与执行?或者第34(3)款和第34(4)款下的因违反先例原则和/或不可协调性而拒绝承认和执行一项《布鲁塞尔规则》下的判决的情形是穷尽的?(On the hypothesis that Article 34(3) of Regulation No 44/2001 does not apply, if recognition and enforcement of a judgment of another Member State would be contrary to domestic public policy on the grounds that it would violate the principle of res judicata by reason of a prior domestic arbitration award or a prior judgment entered in the terms of the award granted by the court of the Member State in which recognition is sought, is it permissible to rely on Article 34(1) of Regulation No 44/2001 as a ground of refusing recognition or enforcement or does Article 34(3) and (4) of the regulation provide the exhaustive grounds by which res judicata and/or irreconcilability can prevent recognition and enforcement of a Regulation judgment?)
法院认定:
一、适用的法律
根据1958年《纽约公约》第1.1款,其适用于申请承认及执行地所在国以外国家领土作出的裁决,以及申请承认及执行地所在国认为的非內国裁决。第3条则规定,各缔约国应承认裁决具有拘束力,承认或执行公约下的裁决时不得较承认或执行內国裁决附加过苛的条件或征收过多的费用。
根据《布鲁塞尔规则》第1.1款,其适用于民商事案件而不论法院或法庭的性质如何(This Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal...),但第1(2)(d)项规定其不适用于仲裁(This Regulation shall not apply to ...arbitration)。根据第32条,“判决”是指成员国法院或法庭作出的任何判决(...judgment means any judgment given by a court or tirbunal of a Member State, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the court)。根据第33条1款,在一个成员国作出的判决应当在其它成员国得到承认,而不需要任何特殊的程序(A judgment given in a Member State shall be recognised in the other Member States without any special procedure being required.)。根据第34条,在以下情形时判决不应当被承认:(1)该承认是明显违反被请求承认的成员国的公共政策(if such recognition is manifestly contrary to public policy in the Member State in which recognition is sought)......(3)该判决与相同当事人在被请求承认的成员国的其他争议下的判决不可协调(if it is irreconcilable with a judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the Member State in which recognition is sought);(4)该判决与相同当事人之间在其他成员国或第三国的相同争议的在先判决不可协调,且该在先判决满足在被请求成员国承认的必要条件(if it is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment given in another Member State or in a third State involving the same cause of actio and between the same parties, provided that the earlier judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in the Member State addressed)。
欧盟1215/2012号条例,即新版《布鲁塞尔规则》(以下称“《重订布鲁塞尔规则》”)取代了《布鲁塞尔规则》,但《重订布鲁塞尔规则》序言第12条同样明确本规则不适用于仲裁,并进一步明确就仲裁裁决的承认与执行事项,《纽约公约》优先本条例进行适用(This Regulation should not apply to arbitration...This should be without prejudice to the competence of the courts of the Member States to decide on the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in accordance with the 1958 New York Convention, which takes precedence over this Regulation)。其还明确本规则不适用于包括仲裁裁决的承认与执行在内的法院程序(This Regulation should not apply to any action or ancillary proceedings relating to, in particular, the establishment of an arbitral tribunal, the powers of arbitrators, the conduct of an arbitration procedure or any other aspects of such a procedure, nor to any action or judgment concerning the annulment , review, appeal, recognition or enforcement of an arbitral award)。
根据1996年《英国仲裁法》第66条,仲裁裁决可以同法院判决或决定的同样方式进行执行(An award made by the tribunal pursuant to an arbitration agreement may by leave of the court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order of the court to the same effect),但被执行申请人可以证明仲裁庭缺乏管辖权的,该裁决将不能被执行(Leave to enforce an award shall not be given where, or to the extent that, the person against whom it is sought to be enforced shows that the tribunal lacked substantive jurisdiction to make the award)。
根据西班牙关于刑事法典的10/1995号组织法,保险人应当承担直接民事责任,但以法律或协议规定的赔偿限额为限,并有权向相关人员主张赔偿(insurers which have assumed the risk of financial liabilities arising from the sue of exploitation of any property, industry, undertaking or ativity, in the case where the event constituting the risk insured materialised as a result of a circumstance provided for in this Code, shall incur direct civil liability up to the limit of the compensation laid down by law or by agreement, without prejudice to the right of recovery against the person concerned.)。
二、欧洲法院就先行裁决问题的认定
英国于2022年1月31日正式脱欧,而英国法院是于2020年12月22日提出先行裁决请求。根据脱欧协议第86.2款,欧洲法院仍具有就英国法院于2020年12月31日之前提出的请求作出先行裁决的管辖权。互保协会、德国、西班牙、法国、波兰、英国、瑞士和欧盟委员会向欧洲法院提交了书面或口头意见。
(一)关于第一个和第二个先行裁决问题
第一个问题涉及的是英国法院执行在英国作出的仲裁裁决的判决是否构成《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的成员国的“判决”。第二个问题涉及的是若该判决因《布鲁塞尔规则》第1.1款d项而不属于规则的适用范围,这是否排除了其构成《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的“判决”。法院认为,英国法院提交的第一个问题和第二个问题是紧密联系的,其将对二者一起进行考察。
法院首先考察了作为《布鲁塞尔规则》前身的1968年《布鲁塞尔公约》的起草文件。在相关的起草报告中,仲裁被排除在《布鲁塞尔公约》的适用范围之外,原因是存在很多适用于仲裁的多边国际条约,特别是1958年《纽约公约》,彼时除了爱尔兰和卢森堡,其他欧盟成员国均是《纽约公约》缔约国。缔约方存在的普遍共识是仲裁裁决的承认与执行通过《纽约公约》机制有效的运行,《布鲁塞尔公约》不应当再次就仲裁进行规定。而《布鲁塞尔公约》将仲裁排除在适用范围之外以履行国际协议,特别是《纽约公约》,这一点得到了欧共体法院和法律总顾问(Advocate General)在相关判决和意见中的确认。《布鲁塞尔公约》及《布鲁塞尔规则》因此意图不影响《纽约公约》在成员国的实施,其也并未规定仲裁裁决的承认与执行程序。
法院指出,《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)条并未就仲裁在何种程度上被排除在外给出明确的指引,而众所周知的是,该排除是全面的,其应当宽泛的进行解释(Whilst the text of Article 1(2)(d) of Regulation No 44/2001 gives no clear indication as to the extent to which arbitration is excluded from its scope, it is well established that the exclusion is coomprehensive and that it is to be interpreted broadly.)。法院认为,从《布鲁塞尔公约》的起草报告中可以明确的看出,仲裁的排除并不限于仲裁员进行的程序,其还包括与仲裁相关的法院程序,包括辅助仲裁程序的法院程序、有关仲裁协议效力的法院判决、要求当事人不得继续仲裁程序的命令、仲裁裁决的承认与执行,以及直接涉及仲裁作为主要争议的法院程序等(It is thus clear from the Jenard Report that the arbitration exclusion is not limited to proceedings before an arbitrator, but includes court proceedings relating to abitration. The Schlosser Report states that the Brussels Convention does not cover court proceedings ancillary to arbitration proceedings nor judgments ruling on the validity of an arbitration agreement and, where appropriate, ordering parties not to continue arbitration proceedings. That report also indicates that the Brussels Convention does not apply to proceedings and decisions concerning applications for the revocation, amendment, recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, or to court decisions incorporating arbitration awards…Similarly, the Evrigenis and Kerameus Report states that the Brussels Convention does not cover proceedings that are directly concerned with arbitration as the principal issue…)。此外,在涉及到国家法院指定仲裁员的Rich案中,欧洲法院指出缔约国意图完全排除仲裁,包括在国家法院进行的程序(In line with the forgoing, in Rich, which concerned the appointment of an arbitrator by a national court, the Court held that the Contracting Parties intended to exclude arbitration in its entirety, including proceedings brought before national courts.)。
法院因此认为,根据《英国仲裁法》第66.2款就仲裁裁决的承认与执行作出的判决被《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)条排除在适用范围之外(In my view, it is clear from the foregoing that a judgment entered in the terms of an award, such as a judgment under section 66(2) of the Arbitration Act 1996, is caught by the arbitration exclusion provided for in Article 1(2)(d) of Regulation No 44/2001)。
但法院强调,第1(2)(d)条排除的是通过《布鲁塞尔规则》执行在另一成员国作出的执行仲裁裁决的判决,而本案涉及的是英国法院作出的执行英国仲裁裁决的判决。因此,本法院需要考察的是该判决是否属于《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的判决。法院基于以下三个理由认为,根据《英国仲裁法》第66条作出的执行仲裁裁决的判决属于《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的“判决”。
首先,《布鲁塞尔规则》第32条对“判决”的定义是非常宽泛的,该定义适用于包括第34.3款在内的所有条款(First, Article 32 of Regulation No 44/2001 defines the concept of a judgment in very broad terms. That definition applies to all of the provisions of that regulation where that concept appears, including Article 34(3))。
其次,根据欧洲法院在Solo Kleinmotoren案中的判决,若要成为《布鲁塞尔公约》下的“判决”,裁决必须是由缔约国司法机关就当事人之间的争议独立地作出的(Second, in paragraph 17 of its judgment in Solo Kleinmotoren, the Court rules that, in order to be a ‘judgment’ for the purposes of the Brussels Convention, the decision must emanate from a judicial body of a Contracting State deciding on its own authority on the issues between the parties.)。根据《英国仲裁法》第66条作出的判决完全满足这些条件(A judgment made pursuant to section 66(2) of the Arbitration Act 1996 meets those conditions in full)。
最后,《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3条适用于任何相同当事方在被请求承认国家的不可协调的判决,不论其争议性质是否属于《布鲁塞尔规则》的适用范围(…Article 34(3) of Regulation No 44/2001 applies to any irreconcilable judgment given in a dispute between the same parties in the Member State in which recognition is sought, regardless of whether its subject matter comes within the material scope of Regulation No 44/2001.)。法院认为,第34.3条具有特殊的目的,旨在保护成员国国内法律秩序的完整性,以及保证其法治不因被要求承认一项与其国内法院裁决不一致的外国判决而遭受破坏(…Article 34(3) of Regulation No 44/2001 serves a different purpose and has different objectives, namely to protect the integrity of a Member State’s internal legal order and to ensure that its rule of law is not disturbed by being required to recognize a foreign judgment that is incompatible with a decision of its own courts.)在没有明确的相反规定的情况下,应当合理的认为欧盟立法并不意图纳入会对成员国法治造成破坏影响的条款(Absent clear provisions to the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude that EU legislature did not intend to enact provisions that would have such a disturbing impact on the rule of law in the Member States.)。
法院最终认为,对第一个问题和第二个问题的回答是,即使根据《布鲁塞尔规则》第1(2)(d)项而不属于该规则的适用范围,根据《英国仲裁法》第66.2款作出的执行仲裁裁决的判决构成《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的成员国的相关“判决”(…a judgment entered in the terms of an arbitral award pursuant to section 66(2) of the Arbitration Act 1996 is capable of constituting a relevant ‘judgment’ of the Member State in which recognition is sought for the purposes of Article 34(3) of Regulation No 44/2001, notwithstanding that such a judgment falls outside the scope of that regulation by reason of Article 1(2)(d) thereof.)。
(二)关于第三个先行裁决问题
第三个问题涉及的是,若《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款不适用,在被请求国已经具有一项在先仲裁裁决或者执行仲裁裁决的判决时,英国法院是否可以根据第34.1款下的违反公共政策而拒绝承认和执行另一成员国的一项判决。此外,该问题还涉及第34.3款和34.4款是否穷尽了因违反在先裁决或具有不可协调性而拒绝承认和执行判决的情形,即不能再根据34.1款而拒绝承认和执行。
法院指出,鉴于第一个和第二个先行裁决问题的回答,其肯定了英国法院判决和西班牙法院判决之间的冲突,因此没有必要继续回答第三个问题。但考虑到完整性以及法院可能就前两个问题采纳不同的观点,法院继续就第三个问题进行了简要的回答。
法院认为,根据欧洲法院的判例,《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.1款应当进行严格的解释,只有在例外的情形下才能主张违背公共政策。在Hoffmann案中,欧共体法院认为公共政策概念只有在特殊情况下才可以主张,无论如何有关外国判决与国内判决之间的兼容性问题不属于公共政策的范围。同样,在《布鲁塞尔条约》的起草报告中也强调,将外国判决与国内判决之间的冲突问题列入公共政策将导致对公共政策概念进行宽泛解释的危险。
法院因此认为,欧盟立法旨在通过《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款、第34.4款就在先裁决(res judicata)和/或不可协调(irreconcilability)问题进行穷尽式的规范,因此排除了援引第34.1款下的公共政策的可能性(…the EU legislature intended to regulate exhaustively the issue of res judicata and/or irreconcilability by means of Article 34(3) and (4) of Regulation No 44/2001, thereby excluding the possibility of recourse to the concept of public policy in that context.)。法院不应当就地34.1款进行宽泛的解释从而影响第34.3款、第34.4款的有效性或者为规避这些段落中规定的条件提供便利(It follows that the Court ought not to adopt a broad interpretation of Article 34.1 of Regulation No 44/2001 that would limit the effectiveness of paragraphs 3 and 4 thereof or facilitate any circumvention of the conditions laid down in those paragraphs.)。第34.3款、第34.4款也因此穷尽了因违反在先裁决或具有不可协调性而拒绝承认和执行判决的情形。
总结与评析:
1968年的《布鲁塞尔公约》及2001年的《布鲁塞尔规则》均将“仲裁”明确排除在其适用范围之外,但对于仲裁排除的准确范围并未进行明确界定,这也导致了法律上的不确定性。在欧盟的各类案件中,诉讼当事人主张依据《布鲁塞尔规则》法院对其纠纷拥有管辖权,以此规避仲裁协议。而各成员国的法官有时候即使在当事人的合同中存在仲裁协议的情况下,也依据《布鲁塞尔规则》接受了管辖权。但2012年的《重订布鲁塞尔规则》对仲裁排除的范围进行了较为系统的澄清,包括以下与仲裁相关的法院程序:与仲裁协议的有效性或其范围有关的诉讼;附属于仲裁的诉讼,包括关于仲裁庭的指定或对仲裁员提出异议的诉讼;与仲裁裁决的执行或废除有关的诉讼;以及与承认仲裁协议有效性的法院判决的执行有关的诉讼。而本案再次明确,执行仲裁裁决的法院判决属于被《布鲁塞尔规则》排除适用的“仲裁”的范围。但更为重要的是,尽管被排除在适用范围之外,本案还是明确了在一个成员国作出的执行仲裁裁决的判决构成《布鲁塞尔规则》第34.3款下的成员国的相关“判决”,被请求执行判决的法院因此可以审查外国判决是否与本国执行仲裁裁决的判决相冲突。