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法院基于上诉理由不具有合理的胜诉前景拒绝准予上诉(香港案例)

2020710日,在HZ Capital International Limited v China Vocational Education Co.,Ltd. and others [2020]HKCFI 1507一案中,香港高等法院原讼法庭(以下简称法院)认为,被告未能证明拟议的三个上诉理由“具有合理的胜诉前景”,或者存在其他理由为维护正义而应当听取拟提出的上诉。因此,法院拒绝给予被告上诉机会,驳回了被告的准予上诉申请。

一、背景介绍

2016729日,仲裁庭就《C2协议》项下的争议作出了对本案第五至第八被告(以下简称被告)不利的裁决。2017224日,应本案原告申请,Chow法官作出准予执行命令。

2017410日,被告请求法院撤销Chow法官作出的准予执行命令。被告20191127日,法院裁定驳回了被告的请求(以下简称涉案裁定)。

20191211日,被告请求法院准予其对驳回裁定提出上诉。法院对该申请作出如下认定。

二、法院认定

被告律师欣然接受,他们有责任证明拟议的上诉理由“具有合理的胜诉前景”,或者存在其他理由为维护正义而应当听取拟提出的上诉。对此,法院补充到,胜诉的机会不要求“很可能”胜诉,但必须不只是“幻想”的胜诉。(Mr. Ernest Ng (appearing with Mr.Mike Yeung) for the Respondents readily accepted that the burden was on them to demonstrate that there were reasonable prospects of success in the proposed grounds of appeal or there were other reasons in the interest of justice that the intended appea lshould be heard. To this, I would add that the chance of succeeding must be more than fanciful, without having to be probable (see Le Pichon JA in SMSE vKL [2009] 4 HKLRD 125 at 129, Paragraph 17).

此外,被告承认涉案裁定涉及行使法院的自由裁量权,不会轻易在上诉时受到干涉,除非该裁定是“基于对法律或者证据的误解”或“如此异常以至于必须基于任何顾念公正行事义务的理性的法官都不可能作出该裁定的理由而被撤销”。(Further, the Respondents acknowledged that the Decision involved an exercise of discretion of the Court which will not be lightly interfered with upon an appeal unless it was based upon a misunderstanding of the law or of the evidence or so aberrant that it must be set aside upon the ground that no reasonable judge regardful of his duty to act judicially could have reached it (see Lord Diplock in Hadmor Production v Hamilton[1983] AC 191 (at 220B-F).

被告基于以下三个理由请求法院准予上诉:(1)法院错误的认定被告放弃了《C2协议》第13.1.1 条规定的“强制谈判前置(Mandatory Negotiation Tier)”的先决条件。(2法院错误地认定第13.1.1条下的强制谈判前置要求已经变更,这可以从一系列电子邮件,包括《请求函》、《拒绝函》中得到证明。(3)法院错误地认定仲裁庭不存在任何严重不规范行为。

理由一:“强制谈判前置”的先决条件未被放弃

C2协议》第13.1.1 条规定在将争议提交仲裁之前须进行强制谈判。被告提交证据证明:(1)据称由原告于201353日签署的请求强制谈判的《请求函》,实际上在2013530日之前并不存在。(2)受原告的欺骗,被告被误导签署了拒绝强制谈判的《拒签函》且倒签日期至201354日。原告依据《拒绝函》作为先决条件已满足的证据并以此支持仲裁庭的管辖权。被告认为其提供的证据无可辩驳,但法院错误地认定被告放弃了强制谈判前置的先决条件,并确认仲裁庭具有管辖权。

涉案裁定指出,在被告提交的证据中有一封日期为2019529日的重要邮件丢失。这封丢失的电子邮件的意义在于,它清楚地表明,在起草和签署《请求函》和《拒绝函》的条款时,当事人为了获得法律建议而进行了一次谈判。(The significance of the Missing Email is that it clearly shows that the parties were bargaining at arms length with the benefit of legal advice in drafting and concluding the terms of the Request Letter and Refusal Letter.

实际上,被告律师的陈述相当于向法院施加义务在对证据做出裁决时戴上有色眼镜,只因为申请人出于某种原因选择不参加庭审。由于在这一点上没有任何先例,更不用说有约束力的先例,法院拒绝接受被告律师的论点。丢失的电子邮件显然是可信的证据,揭示了当时的情况和双方当事人的心态。因此,法院不应对这种证据视而不见。In effect, Mr. Ngs submission is tantamount to imposing on the Court an obligation to put blinkers on in ruling on the evidence just because the Applicant chose, for whatever reason, not to participate in the hearing. In the absence of any legal precedent on the point, still less binding precedent, I reject the Mr. Ngs argument.  The Missing Email is clearly credible and material evidence shedding light on the circumstances and the frame of mind of the parties at the material time. As such, the Court should not turn a blind eye to such evidence.

更重要的是,如涉案裁定所述,被告无法向法院解释有关的欺骗性质。申请人所作的陈述没有经过鉴定以证明是虚假陈述。(More importantly, as pointed out in Paragraph 62 of the Decision, Mr Ng was quite unable to explain to the court what was the nature of the deceit.  Thereis no proper identification of the representation made by the Applicant, which was subsequently discovered or proven to be false.

简而言之,使用“欺骗”作为标签,而没有完整的细节和令人信服的证据,远不足以提出一个支持撤销传票的主张。(In short, the use of deceit as a label without full particulars and cogent evidence is far from being sufficient to make out a case in support of the Summons to Set Aside.在被告未提供适当解释的情况下,唯一合理的结论是被告确实已经放弃将强制谈判作为提起仲裁的先决条件。

理由二:“强制谈判前置”要求未被变更

被告律师认为,《C2协议》第13.1.1条的仲裁协议(将强制谈判要求作为先决条件)本身受到第14.6条的约束,所达到的效果是任何变更必须得到C2协议各方当事人(包括C2协议下的所有投资者)的同意。

法院认为,《C2协议》是一个多方协议,在各方当事人同意修改条款时,应适当考虑第14.6条中的“视情况而定”等字。根据适当解释,第13.1.1条要求一方当事人与另一方当事人签订独立的仲裁协议,而本案的仲裁仅涉及申请人和被申请人。(The C2 Agreement is a multilateral agreement. Due regard should be given to the words as the case may be in Clause 14.6 when it comes to consent of the parties to a term of variation (see Paragraph 56 of Decision). Properly construed, Clause 13.1.1 entails a separate arbitration agreement between a party with each other party, inter se, and the arbitration in question only concerned the Applicant and the Respondents.

在这种情况下,除认定强制仲裁要求已被放弃外,认定强制仲裁要求已经在原告和被告之间变更是另一种选择。在发出《请求函》和《拒绝函》的重要时刻,至少有其他两个投资者已对被告提起了单独的仲裁程序。从逻辑上说,对于仅涉及原告和被告之间的强制仲裁要求的变更,要求《C2协议》的所有当事人都同意此种变更是十分奇怪的。(The finding of a variation to the MNT requirement as between the Applicant and the Respondents (at Paragraphs 55 to 60) is alternative to finding of a wavier in the circumstances. At the material time when the Request Letter and Refusal Letter were issued, at least 2 other investors, namely, New World and Cathay had already commenced separate arbitration proceedings against the Respondents. As a matter of logic, it is odd to say the least to insist on the consent of all parties to the C2 Agreement in respect of a variation of the MNT requirement which only concerned the Applicant and the Respondents.

简而言之,法院认为,即使理由2单独来看可能有点道理,但是,无论单独考虑该理由还是与其他理由一起考虑,法院也不认为被告在拟提出的上诉中有合理的胜诉机会。(In short, I am of the view that even if Ground 2 may be arguable in isolation, I am not convinced that the ground, whether considered individually or collectively with other grounds, afford the Respondents a reasonable chance of success in the intended appeal.

理由三:关于程序不公平导致严重违规

这一理由与仲裁庭的裁定有关,即仲裁庭不允许使用两封电子邮件来证明《请求函》和《拒绝函》是倒签日期,故实际上未满足强制谈判前置的要求。

被告律师证实,没有证据表明这两封电子邮件在仲裁庭审之前无法公开。鉴于双方当事人在庭审之前有足够的机会公开文件,为何直到在对申请人的证人进行交叉盘问时,这两封电子邮件才被“捕获”,这令人费解。在被告在仲裁庭的所有证人供词中,被告关于“欺骗”方面的主张均未被提及。(Mr. Ng confirmed that there was no evidence that the Twin Emails were somehow not available for disclosure prior to the evidential hearing before the Tribunal. Given that the parties were given ample opportunity up to just a few days before the evidential hearing to make disclosure of documents, it is inexplicable why the Twin Emails were not disclosed until the time when they were fished out during the course of cross-examination of the Applicantswitnesses. It is equally inexplicable that this aspect of the Respondentscase pertinent to the deceit was not mentioned in any of the Respondentswitness statements before the Tribunal.

在这方面,被告所提供的解释是,他们的出庭律师没有接受过普通法管辖权方面的培训,不熟悉香港的制度。考虑到这是根据《贸易法委员会仲裁规则》(2010年修订)进行的国际仲裁,这种解释令人不满,也不够充分。

该理由指向的情形是,被告故意在交叉盘问中通过出其不意的方式盘问原告的证人。在任何情况下,法院都不认为这个理由有任何可取之处。(If anything, it tends to point to a conscious decision to take the Applicants witnesses by surprise in cross-examination. In all circumstances, I do not find any merits whatsoever on this ground.

综上所述,法院驳回了原告准予上诉的申请。

三、评论

涉案规定在将争议提交仲裁之前须进行强制谈判。法院认为从当事人之间的一系列电子邮件,包括《请求函》、《拒绝函》来看,当事人已经放弃了“强制谈判前置”的要求或已经对该要求作出变更。被告指出由于原告的欺骗,《请求函》和《拒绝函》都是倒签日期,即所显示的日期早于真实的签署日期,并据此主张“强制谈判前置”的要求未被放弃或变更。

法院认为,使用“欺骗”作为标签,而没有完整的细节和令人信服的证据,远不足以提出一个支持撤销传票的主张。另外,由于双方当事人在庭审之前有足够的机会公开文件,但直到对证人进行交叉盘问时,才提到这两封邮件。此外,被告在庭审中未提出任何关于“欺骗”方面的主张。基于以上背景,仲裁庭不允许使用两封电子邮件来证明《请求函》和《拒绝函》是倒签日期,法院认为仲裁庭的做法不构成严重不规范行为。

法院重申,故意在交叉盘问中通过出其不意的方式盘问证人没有可取之处。被告关于倒签日期的证据没有被仲裁庭采信不难理解。