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劳动法庭有权受理针对保险人提出的索赔请求(英国案例)

20191216日,在Mr Neil Watson v Hemingway Design Limited (In Liquidation) and others [2019] UKEAT 0007_19_1612一案中,英国劳动上诉法院(以下简称法院)认为,《2010年第三方(对保险公司的权利)法案》(以下简称“《2010年第三方法案》”)第26)条所指的“法院”包括劳动法庭(employment tribunal),故劳动法庭有权受理针对保险人提出的索赔请求。另外,该法院在附带意见中表示,保险人与被保险人之间的保险合同的仲裁条款因排除或限制《1996年劳动权利法》及《2010年权利法案》的适用而无效(The better view, expressed obiter as the point had not yet arisen, was that the arbitration clause in the contract of insurance between the insolvent first respondent and its insurer was rendered void by the anti-avoidance provisions in section 203 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 and section 144 of the Equality Act 2010, since the arbitration clause would, if given effect, limit the operation of the provisions of those Acts)。

一、背景介绍

Hemingway是一个家具设计和生产公司。201121日起,Hemingway聘请Mr Neil Watson担任产品管理员。争议出现后,Neil2017117日停止工作。

2017428日,NeilHemingway及其前董事Mr Draycott提起诉讼,指控Hemingway存在蓄意解雇行为,并指控HemingwayMr Draycott歧视残疾人。HemingwayIrwell之间签订了责任保险合同,Irwell在最高额度内为针对Hemingway的此类索赔提供责任保险。经Neil请求,法院追加Irwell为被告。

20171214日,Hemingway进入债权人自愿清算程序,并委任一名清算人。

针对劳动法庭是否有权审理Neil对保险人Irwell提出的索赔请求Ahmed法官在听取NeilIrwell的论点后认为,NeilIrwell之间不存在劳动合同,只存在保险合同,二者之间的争议并非由劳动关系产生,劳动法庭对违约请求的管辖权“仅限于《1994年劳动法庭(管辖权扩展)令》项下的索赔”,劳动法庭不能根据《2010年第三方法案》就NeilIrwell的索赔请求作出决定。另外,关于Hemingway及其董事Mr Draycott是否因不遵守保险条款而丧失索赔权,Ahmed法官认为这些事项也与劳动关系无关,应当由普通法院审理。因此,Ahmed法官裁定中止劳动法庭的诉讼程序。

NeilAhmed法官作出的上述裁定提出上诉。劳动上诉法院对此作出如下认定。

二、法院认定

1. 相关法律规定

1)《2010年第三方法案》的相关规定

根据《2010年第三方法案》,如果“相关人士”对“第三方”负有责任,该相关人士在责任保险合同项下的权利将转移给该第三方。“相关人士”(被保险人)包括正在清算或即将清算的公司。(Where a "relevant person" incurs a liability to a "third party", the rights of the relevant person under an insurance contract covering the liability are transferred to the third party ("transferred rights") (section 1(1) and (2)). A "relevant person" (the insured) includes a company that is in liquidation or goes into liquidation (section 1(5)(b) and 6(2)(d)).

第三方可以在未确定被保险人在基础争议中的责任的情况下起诉保险人,但在未确定被保险人在该争议中的责任之前,不得行使受让的权利(第13)条)。只有通过获得声明、判决或在仲裁程序中获得裁决来确定责任的存在和数额,责任才能“确定”(第14)条)。(The third party may sue the insurer without having "established" the insured's liability in the underlying dispute but may not enforce the transferred rights without first establishing the insured's liability in that dispute (section 1(3)). Liability is only "established" if its existence and amount are established by obtaining a declaration, a judgment or an award in arbitral proceedings (section 1(4)).

如第三方尚未确定被保险人的责任,则该第三方可向保险人提起法律程序,要求声明被保险人对第三方的责任,或保险人对第三方的潜在责任,或两者同时主张(第21-3)条)。保险人可以依据被保险人在基础争议中可以依据的任何抗辩(第24)条),也可以依据保险人对被保险人根据保险合同有权拒绝承保的抗辩(第23)条)。(If the third party has not yet established the insured's liability, the third party may bring proceedings against the insurer for a declaration as to the insured's liability to the third party, or as to the insurer's potential liability to the third party, or both (sections2(1)-(3)). The insurer may rely on any defence on which the insured could rely in the underlying dispute (section 2(4)) and on any defence the insurer would have against the insured entitling the insurer to decline cover under the insurance contract (section 2(3)).

如保险人被认定为对第三方负有责任,“法院可针对保险人作出适当的判决”(第26)条)。被保险人可以作为诉讼的被告,原告可以在此诉讼中请求就被保险人在基础争议中的责任作出声明。当且仅当被保险人作为诉讼程序的被告时,作出的声明对被保险人有约束力(第29-10)条)。(Where the insurer is found liable to the third party, "the court may give the appropriate judgment against the insurer" (section 2(6)). The insured may be made a defendant to proceedings in which a declaration of its liability in the underlying dispute is sought. The insured is bound by the declaration if, but only if, it is a defendant to those proceedings (section 2(9)-(10)).

如果因保险合同中的仲裁条款,第三方有权或被要求通过仲裁向保险公司提起法律程序。“法院”作出“适当判决”的权力指的是“仲裁庭”的权力,即仲裁庭在仲裁中“作出适当裁决”的权力(第26-8)条)。(Where the third party is entitled or required to pursue proceedings against the insurer by arbitration, because of an arbitration clause in the insurance contract, the power of "the court" to give "the appropriate judgment" is read as referring to the power of the "tribunal", i.e. the arbitral tribunal, to "make an appropriate award" in the arbitration (section2(6)-(8)).

第三方可以在仲裁程序中请求就保险人的责任或潜在责任以及被保险人的责任作出声明(第27)条)。被保险人可以作为仲裁程序的被申请人(第29)条)。如果被保险人作为仲裁程序的被申请人,关于被保险人责任的声明对被申请人有约束力(第210)条)。(The third party may apply in the arbitral proceedings for a declaration both in respect of the insurer's liability or potential liability and in respect of the insured's liability (section 2(7)).The insured may be made a defendant to the arbitral proceedings (section 2(9)).A declaration of the insured's liability is binding on the insured if it is made a defendant to the arbitral proceedings (section 2(10)).

2)《1996年劳动权利法》第203

《劳动权利法》第2031)条规定:“协议(无论是否为劳动协议)中的任何条款存在以下情况时,该条款无效:(a)排除或限制了本法任何条款的实施;(b)妨碍根据本法向劳动法庭提起法律程序(Any provision in an agreement (whether a contract of employment or not) isvoid in so far as it purports—(a)to exclude or limit the operation of anyprovision of this Act, or (b)to preclude a person from bringing any proceedings under this Act before an [F1 employment tribunal].)”

3)《2010年权利法案》

2010年权利法案》第1441)条规定:“如果某一合同条款的实施旨在排除或限制本法的某一条款,则该合同条款不可执行(A term of a contract is unenforceable by a person in whose favour it would operate in so far as it purports to exclude or limit a provision of or made under this Act.)”

2010年权利法案》第120条规定,劳动法庭对涉及非歧视规则的问题有管辖权。((2)An employment tribunal has jurisdiction to determine an application by a responsible person (as defined by section 61) for a declaration as to the rights of that person and a worker in relation to a dispute about the effect of a non-discrimination rule…(4)An employment tribunal also has jurisdiction to determine a question that—(a) relates to a non-discrimination rule…)

2. 当事人的主要分歧

在本案中,没有争议的是,被保险人Hemingway是《2010年第三方法案》第1条和第6条所指的“相关人士”,其在保险合同项下的权利被转让给作为“第三方”的NeilNeil的律师认为,就业法庭是《2010年第三方法案》第26)条所指的“法院”,就业法庭的管辖权是法定的,就业法庭有权在被保险人的义务法定转移给保险人后,作出针对保险人的判决。Irwell的律师认为,就业法庭不是《2010年第三方法案》第26)条所指的“法院”,就业法院无权解释和适用《2010年第三方法案》,无权解释保险合同,也无权确定保险人和被保险人之间在合同项下产生的问题。

另外,当保险合同中存在仲裁条款时,保险人通常可以向第三方援引保险合同中的仲裁条款(第1(4)(c)条和第2(6)-(8)条)。但是,该立场是否因《1996年劳动权利法》第203条及《2010年权利法案》第144的反规避条款(anti-avoidance provisions)而改变,当事人之间存在分歧。

Neil认为,虽然保险合同中的仲裁条款通常对第三方有约束力,但根据《1996年劳动权利法》第203条及《2010年权利法案》第144条的反规避条款,由于涉案仲裁条款排除或限制了《1996年劳动权利法》及《2010年权利法案》相关条款的适用,涉案仲裁条款无效。Irwell则认为,保险合同中的仲裁条款对作为第三方的Neil有约束力,《1996年劳动权利法》第203条及《2010年权利法案》第144条只有在当仲裁条款抑制或排除根据这两部法案提出主张时才能使仲裁条款无效。Neil不是根据这两部法案,而是根据《2010年第三方法案》向Irwell提出请求,仲裁条款不受影响。

3. 法院的分析与结论

首先,法院认为,本案需要审议的真正问题是,劳动法庭是否属于《2010年法案》第26)条所指的“法院”。若属于,劳动法庭有权就保险人的责任作出声明;若不属于,劳动法庭无权就保险人的责任作出声明。

Brennan v. Sunderland City Council [2012] ICR 1183, EAT案中,Underhill J (P)法官不愿意将“法院”(结合《1978年民事责任(分担)法》中的“诉讼”一词进行理解)解释为包括“劳动法庭”(Underhill J (P), as he then was, in Brennanv. Sunderland City Council, at [22(2)] was unwilling to construe the word"court", read with the word "action" in the Civil Liability(Contribution) Act 1978 as embracing an employment tribunal)。但是,该法官也承认,“法院”的范围取决于立法语境,如果立法语境显示这是国会的意图,则有可能对‘法院’和‘诉讼’作宽泛解释"it would be possible to construe them [the words 'court' and 'action'] expansively if the context showed that that was the intention of Parliament")。

在本案中,抛开仲裁条款的影响(稍后再分析),“法院”一词的含义决定了雇员必须一项或是两项请求。如果《2010年第三方法案》第26)条中能够针对保险人作出适当判决的“法院”不包括就业法院,那么将《2010年第三方法案》适用于劳动法庭索赔的立法目的就不能实现It is not disputed that Hemingway's rights under the insurance contract have transferred to the claimant, subject to Irwell's defences to a claim under it. Leaving aside the impact of the arbitration clause (to which I shall return shortly), the meaning of the word "court" determines whether the employee must bring one claim or two. If the latter is the correct construction of section 2(6) of the 2010 Act, the statutory purpose has failed in the 2010 Act in its application to employment tribunal claims)。

因此,法院支持Neil的律师的观点,认为《2010年第三方法案》第26)条所指的“法院”包括劳动法庭,劳动法庭有权受理针对保险人Irwell提出的索赔请求。

4. 附带意见

由于双方当事人都没有援引仲裁条款,法院本没有必要分析仲裁条款的影响。但如果任何一方当事人启动仲裁程序,仲裁条款可能与下一个阶段的法律程序有关,法院决定对仲裁条款的影响展开分析并就当事人的论点发表意见。保险合同中的仲裁条款规定,当IrwellHemingway或该保单下的任何其他被保险人之间出现分析或争议时,此类分歧或争议应由一名独任仲裁员根据修正后的《仲裁法》提交并最终通过仲裁解决(除非当事人另有约定)(It applies where there is a "difference or dispute" between Irwell and Hemingway "or any other person insured under this Policy".The difference or dispute "shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration before a sole arbitrator in accordance with the Arbitration Acts as amended (save as the parties may expressly agree)…")。

如前所述,如果保险合同中存在仲裁条款,第三方受该条款约束,但可以在仲裁程序中请求就被保险人在基础争议中的责任作出声明。被保险人可以作为被申请人。如果被保险人作为仲裁程序的被申请人,关于被保险人责任的声明对被申请人有约束力(As already mentioned, where there is an arbitration clause in the insurance contract, the third party is bound by it but may apply in the arbitration proceedings for a declaration as to the insured's liability in the underlying dispute. The insured may be joined as a defendant and if it is, any declaration will be binding on it.

这就是《2010年第三方法案》第2适用于仲裁程序时的影响。即当保险合同中存在仲裁条款时,如果第三方愿意,该第三方可以仅提起仲裁程序确定其权利。如果第三方希望在普通法院就基础争议向被保险人提起诉讼,则该第三方还需要对保险人提起仲裁,除非保险人放弃仲裁权(Such is the effect of section 2 as it applies to arbitral proceedings. The third party is able to establish his or her rights, if he or she wishes, in a single proceeding, preserving the "single forum" policy in cases where the insurance contract contains an arbitration clause. The single forum is the arbitration, not the court. If the third party wishes to litigate the underlying dispute against the insured in the ordinary court, he or she will have to litigate on two fronts unless the insurer waives the benefit of the arbitration clause)。

问题在于,当第三方因被保险人破产而取得直接向保险人提出索赔请求的法定权利时,如果保险人援引保险合同中的仲裁条款,《2010年第三方法案》第2条应如何适用于劳动法庭的索赔请求。(How do the provisions apply in the context of employment tribunal claims where the insured is insolvent and the third party has acquired the statutory right to proceed directly against the insurer?

法院认为,如果本案涉及仲裁条款的效力问题,更正确的观点是,根据《1996年劳动权利法》第203条及《2010年权利法案》第144条,仲裁条款对原告Neil无效。本案中的仲裁条款要求原告Neil(作为被保险人Hemingway的法定受让人)将其与保险人Irwell之间的争议提交仲裁,在Neil根据《1996年劳动权利法》及《2010年权利法案》对Hemingway提出请求(更不用说对董事Mr Draycott提出请求)时,此种仲裁条款会限制《1996年劳动权利法》及《2010年权利法案》的实施。(If the validity of Irwell's arbitration clause were to arise in this case, I think the better view is that the clause is void as against the claimant by reason of section 203 of the ERA and section 144 of the EqA. An arbitration clause of the type in this case, requiring the claimant(as statutory transferee of the rights of Hemingway, the insured) to submit his dispute with Irwell to arbitration, would in my view limit the operation of the provisions of the ERA and EqA relied on by the claimant as against Hemingway, not to mention Mr Draycott.

综上所述,法院支持了Irwell的上诉请求,撤销了Ahmed法官中止诉讼程序的裁定。

三、评论

根据《1996年劳动权利法》和《2010年权利法案》,Neil关于蓄意解雇和残疾人歧视的指控应当向劳动法庭提出。根据《2010年第三方法案》第26)条规定,如保险人被认定为对第三方负有责任,法院可针对保险人作出适当的判决。本案提出的问题是,如果雇主Hemingway向保险公司投保了责任险,作为雇员的Neil能否请求劳动法庭作出针对保险人的判决。对此,法院认为,劳动法庭属于《2010年法案》第26)条所指的“法院”,劳动法庭有权作出针对保险人的判决。

另外,由于双方当事人都没有援引仲裁条款,法院本没有必要分析仲裁条款的影响。但如果任何一方当事人启动仲裁程序,仲裁条款可能与下一个阶段的法律程序有关,法院决定对仲裁条款的影响展开分析并就当事人的论点发表意见。在这方面,法院在附带意见中表示,根据《1996年劳动权利法》第203条及《2010年权利法案》第144条的反规避条款,保险人与被保险人之间的保险合同的仲裁条款因排除或限制《1996年劳动权利法》及《2010年权利法案》的规定而对受让被保险人权利的第三方无效。