2020年2月6日,在Filatona Trading Ltd & Anor v Navigator Equities Ltd & Ors [2020] EWCA Civ 109一案中,英格兰及威尔士上诉法院认定,在没有明确措辞或迹象表明缔约各方合意将作为代理人的协议签字人背后的已披露的本人排除在行使合同权利之外时,该签字人即不被排除在外。一方当事人若主张将已披露的本人不被包括在合同之内,则其对此有主要的举证和证明责任,若不能达到证明责任,则即使协议中没有提到这个本人,该本人也是协议以及仲裁条款的当事人。
一、背景介绍
该案涉及两起上诉,有多方当事人。上诉人之一的Lolita Danilina(LD)与作为被上诉人之一的俄罗斯副财政部长Vladimir Chernukin(VC)之间有长期关系。VC希望获得Russian textile company(TGM)公司的75%的控股权(该公司在莫斯科市中心有一块很昂贵的开发场地),但碍于其政府官员身份,他与另一位上诉人Oleg Deripaska(OD)接触,让他出面代为操作。VC和OD之间达成协议,通过塞浦路斯的Navio公司来获取TGM公司中的大多数股权。
对于Navio公司而言,双方各出一半购买的资金(各约625万美元),而该公司由LD操办,之后LD只要管理TGM的运营并逐步将其搬离莫斯科,以空出那片莫斯科市中心的开发场地。各方当事人之后于2005年签订了《股东协议》,在其中规定了Navio有两个公司法人作为股东,为Filatona(股东1)和Navigator(股东2),此外OD是Filatona的衡平法所有人(OD为Navio的衡平法所有人1,OD和Filatona合称甲方),而LD是Navigator的衡平法所有人(LD为Navio的衡平法所有人2,LD和Navigator合称乙方)。
《股东协议》第2.2条规定,OD和LD作为Navio的衡平法所有人,其义务为
“……确保其为衡平法所有人的股东适当履行本协议的条件。”
"…ensure due fulfilment of the conditions of this Agreement by the Shareholder of which he is the Beneficial Owner."
第14.5条规定:
本协议以及根据本协议必要的序言、附录和其他文件,是双方之间就本协议的标的物达成的完整且穷尽的协议,并取代了双方以前在口头或书面上达成的与本协议的标的物不符合所有口头或书面协议、义务和安排。
This Agreement together with the preamble, appendices and other documents necessary in accordance with this Agreement is the complete and exhaustive agreement between the Parties in respect of the subject matter thereof, and replaces all previous verbal or written agreements, obligations and arrangements of the Parties in relation to its subject matter that do not comply with the provisions of this Agreement.
《股东协议》中没有提到VC,他也没有签署协议。《股东协议》约定准据法为英格兰法,若产生争议则提交伦敦国际仲裁院(LCIA)仲裁。
之后,《股东协议》当事人签署了一份《补充协议》,其中约定未来即便LD把管理权移交给VC也不构成《股东协议》第10条中约定的控制权转让。
在2009年时,OD和LD之间关于TGM的纺织业务产生争议,结果OD强行夺取了莫斯科市中心的开发场地和业务。VC虽然不是协议签字人,但也同Navigator(股东2)一起主张依照协议中的仲裁条款向OD提出仲裁申请。LCIA仲裁庭认定VC属于《股东协议》缔约方,并且裁定OD就VC在Navio中的权益承担9500万美元的赔偿金。
OD则根据1996《仲裁法》第67条第1款第a项提起撤裁申请,主张VC不属于适格仲裁当事人。LD在商事法庭的撤裁程序中主张其自身才是协议的当事人,才有权行使乙方的权利,而VC不是协议当事人,不得援引仲裁条款。
二、法院认定
1、一审法院认定
一审案号为[2018] EWHC 173,该案法官认为VC是《股东协议》签字人(作为代理人)其背后的已披露的本人,因此VC是股东2的衡平法所有人。虽然《股东协议》条款有有关规定,但OD的合资企业的真正相对方伙伴和Navigator的真正的衡平法上的所有人是VC而不是LD。VC是LD的公开的和已披露的本人,LD是《股东协议》的签字人和其中提到的人,而OD本来就知道这一点。因此,除非《股东协议》明示或默示地将可提起仲裁者和可被提起仲裁者明确限制为其中列明的协议当事人,否则VC有权强制执行《股东协议》。
法官认定,《股东协议》并未明确表明OD仅接受LD作为Navigator的衡平法所有人,该协议条款也并未明确详尽地定义其当事人。相反,出于上述提到的各种原因,OD会接受VC作为Navigator的衡平法所有人。
2、上诉法院认定
上诉人主张,协议双方的缔约依据是LD是协议项下的享有协议的权利的当事人,并且在第14.5条规定协议为双方之间的“完整且穷尽的协议”,且此处未提及VC,因此这表明当事人之间共同意图是排除VC因其本人的地位而产生的任何权利或义务。被上诉人则主张,一审法官应鉴于期权协议驳回OD和LD的主张但却没有。
上诉法院认为一审法院认定正确,VC是协议的当事人(In my view the Judge was right to ask himself whether there were clear and unambiguous words or indications of an intent to exclude the known and identified principal. The expression 'very clear' used by the Judge may bring an emphasis to the exercise, where the principal is disclosed, but does not add very much to what is a general principle of construction that clear and unambiguous language is necessary before a court will hold that a contract has removed rights or remedies which one of the parties to it would have at common law.)。
法院认为,一方当事人若主张将已披露的本人不被包括在合同之内,则其对此有沉重的举证和证明责任。因此正确的考虑因素是在《股东协议》中是否有清楚明确的语句或意图来表明将已披露的本人排除在该协议之外的意图,且需要这种语句存在法院才能认定合同中取消了对已披露的本人作为合同一方当事人所享有的普通法上的权利或救济措施。依照Gilbert-Ash (Northern) Ltd v. Modern Engineering(Bristol) Ltd [1974] AC 689案和Seadrill Management Services Ltd v. OAO Gazprom [2010] EWCA Civ 691案,法院认为这个问题上的准据法是一个常识性问题,即当事人通常不会在没有明确表示其弃权的时候弃权(the principle encapsulated in Lord Diplock's dictumis, with respect, essentially one of common sense; parties do not normally give up valuable rights without making it clear that they intend to do so.)。依照Trafalgar House Construction (Regions) Ltd v. General Surety &Guarantee Co Ltd [1996] AC 199案,如果当事人的确想要弃权,则会使用无疑义的语言来置换合同的通常后果(However, if they choose to do so clear and unambiguous language must be used to displace the normal legal consequences of the contract.)。
法官认为VC为什么没有被列于《股东协议》这点很清楚,即VC出于其公职的考虑不想要暴露身份,而这点为其构成《股东协议》一方当事人这方面奠定了重要基础。此外,尽管OD在运作TGM的业务方面有特长,但有一点是明确的,即乙方的主要义务之一是提供资金的义务,而双方都明确知道这将是由VC来进行履行的(The Judge acknowledged Ms Danilina's expertise in the textile business, see judgment at [118]; but made clear findings that one of the primary obligations of Party 2 was a funding obligation, which both parties knew would be carried out by Mr Chernukhin)。
关于第2.2条,法官指出《股东协议》在指明其两个股东的时候,当事人指明公司的衡平法所有人的目的即是使得他们受到合同拘束。这些语句并不明确表明协议当事人的合意是排除VC履行协议的义务和执行协议义务的权利。因此,VC应被视为实际的本人以及被描述为Navio的衡平法所有人2之人(In my view, the words of the preamble and clause 2.2 do not come close to constituting clear and unequivocal words or indications demonstrating a common intention that Mr Chernukhin was excluded from performing, and being able to enforce, the obligations set out in the SHA. The proper approach to construing these provisions is to treat him, and not Ms Danilina, as the actual principal of the SHA and therefore the person described as Beneficial Owner 2.)。
关于第14.5条规定协议为双方之间的“完整且穷尽的协议”("the complete and exhaustive agreement"),法官认为这表明各方当事人的意思仅仅是彼此订立协议,而并非表明只有在协议中所列出的当事人才是可以依照协议提起仲裁之人,而且其内容也并未明确地排除已披露的本人这样做的权利(I would accept that the phrase 'the complete and exhaustive agreement' in clause 14.5 is an indication that the parties intended only to contract with each other. However, it did not say, as it might that the only persons who may sue upon it were the named parties, see the extract from Bowstead & Reynolds, quoted above at [42]; and the clause certainly did not unequivocally exclude a disclosed principal from suing on it.)。
虽然上诉人主张的效果和目的可以用起草某个条款来达成,但是这样做并不适当,理由是本《股东协议》中的商业利益只有在VC的确是提供TGM收购资金一半的当事方时才能达到(Although a clause would have been easy enough to draft so as to achieve the effect argued for on behalf of the appellants, it would not have been an appropriate contractual provision since the commercial interests in the SHA were only viable if Mr Chernukhin was a party, providing half of the funding for the TGM acquisition.)。
因此,尽管协议条款中并未规定VC为协议一方当事人这点对上诉人而言有利,但这并非足够的证据明确表明协议各方的意图就一定是将VC排除在协议之外(Whether a contract 'unequivocally and exhaustively' defines the parties or whether the rights of a disclosed and identified principal have been 'clearly excluded by the terms of the contract', may be regarded as two ways of asking the same question; either way there is a heavy burden of persuasion on a party who seeks to argue that a known and identified principal is to be excluded from a contract. Like the Judge, I would accept that there are indications in the contractual provisions that the political importance of not referring to Mr Chernukhin as a party gives weight to the appellants' arguments; but like the Judge, I am satisfied that there is nothing in the background or the contractual terms sufficient to demonstrate a clear intent to exclude him from exercising his rights or incurring obligations under the SHA. To put it another way, the parties were not unequivocally and exhaustively defined by the terms of the SHA.)。
因此,VC可以成为协议及其仲裁条款的当事人,仲裁有效。
三、评论
本案主要涉及在存在代理的情况下,在协议中未明确表明存在代理的情况下是否能从协议背景的当事人明知存在代理这一点,以及该本人是协议对价的真实提供者,以此来推导出当事人其实同意本人也是协议的当事人,而本人可以援引协议的仲裁条款提起仲裁。
在这个问题上,一审法院和上诉法院的态度都是认为这种情况下本人构成一方当事人,其主要理由是即便协议说明其本身是“完整且穷尽的协议”,但由于协议并未明确表明本人不构成合同的当事人,而且本案中当事人各方都知道存在代理的情况,一半的资金是VC出的,只是协议上没有表明这一点。而由于没有这些就不会存在协议,因此VC被认为是实际上的Navio的真正的衡平法所有人之一,也是仲裁协议的真正当事人之一。