昨天介绍了孙杨一案专家组支持孙杨的裁定意见和CAS仲裁案件的基本事实和主要程序,今天主要介绍双方争议的程序性焦点问题:WADA是否逾期提起上诉以及其代理律师的回避问题。
一、双方主张
1、WADA主张
WADA主张IDTM曾在过去几年对孙杨进行多次取样,而孙杨是著名的顶级运动员,被多次列入国际泳联的年度注册检测库,必须遵守《世界反兴奋剂规范》(和国际检测和调查标准(ISTI)强制性行踪规定,包括每天报告一小时以进行检测。
本案取样手续虽然有许多事实争议,但有两个关键点没有争议。首先,孙杨一开始提供了血样且无异议(A血瓶和B血瓶),孙杨和其团队都不允许主检测官带走孙杨的血样;其次,孙杨以尿检助理行为不当和资质不足为由(该理由是错误的)而未提供尿样。因此,即使在用锤子击打玻璃容器之前,孙杨和其支持团队就已经干扰并阻碍了主检测官履行其兴奋剂检测职责了。
孙杨的行为,包括未能及拒绝提供尿样、防止主检测官从拿走其血样、打破其血样容器、及撕毁其已签名的《兴奋剂检测表》,表明其违反了《国际泳联兴奋剂检测条例》中的规定规则。尿检助理和血检助理未能提供孙杨主张的充分文件并不构成该条例项下的有效抗辩,孙杨也不能以其行为依赖于其同队的建议而获得免责。(The Athlete’s egregious behavior during the sample collection process – including his failing and refusing to provide a urine sample, his preventing the DCO from taking away his blood sample, his breaking the blood sample container and his ripping up the Doping Control Form that he had signed – violates the Code as incorporated in FINA’s Doping Control Rules. The Athlete’s contention that the DCA and BCA failed to provide adequate documentation does not constitute a valid defense under the Code, nor can the Athlete justify his conduct by saying he relied on advice from his entourage.” )
国际泳联兴奋剂检测专家组的一审裁决的问题在于其未处理孙杨干涉检测过程的,而其认定是血检助理无法提供适当的文件证明IDTM授权,因此血样取样手续无效。一审在两个方面犯了错误:首先,ISTI不要求尿检助理或血检助理单独提供授权文件,而本案中主检测官(而非尿检助理)才是与孙杨进行了最开始接触的人,她一开始作了通知并提供了ISTI第5.4.2条和5.3.3条要求的文件;其次,即使一审裁决正确,其说理也不足以支持孙杨没有违规——在本案中,孙杨提供了血样且无异议,并签署了对其通知的《兴奋剂检测表》,而根据ISTI第10.1条样品一经取样便归国际泳联所有。
WADA请求仲裁庭,根据其最终认定的违规情况,对孙杨禁赛8年或4年。理由是2014年6月,孙杨违反《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》被处以为期3个月禁赛,而本案根据规则规定构成累犯,因此最高禁赛期应乘以2。
2、孙杨主张
孙杨一方引用了很多CAS判例法指出,兴奋剂违规认定需要严格遵守规则。由于仅因为运动员体内存在违禁物质即可让其受到惩处,因此运动员的根本权利包括知晓其作为检测机构的对方,包括获得WADA认证的实验室,严格遵守强制性保障措施的权利。对规则的严格适用是兴奋剂违规的严格责任制度的对价(Doping is an offense which requires the application of strict rules. If an athlete is to be sanctioned solely on the basis of the provable presence of a prohibited substance in his body, it is his or her fundamental right to know that the Respondent, as the Testing Authority, including the WADA-accredited laboratory working with it, has strictly observed the mandatory safeguards. Strict application of the rules is the quid pro quo for the imposition of a regime of strict liability for doping offenses” (CAS 2009/A/1752 & CAS 2009/A/1753; CAS 2014/A/3487para. 146).)。
虽然本案不是运动员确实检出兴奋阳性(Adverse Analytical Finding,AAF),但孙杨认为鉴于《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》规定了兴奋剂违规的严格责任制度,以上的理由同样也应适用于任何《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》规定。因此,IDTM和国际泳联在操作过程中必须严格遵守通知要求。而国际泳联兴奋剂检测专家组的一审裁决也核实了这一点(The Athlete (and every athlete) is held strictly accountable to the provisions in the World Anti-Doping Code and the FINA DC. The Doping Panel must insist that IDTM and FINA also strictly comply with the requirements in the ISTI. The Doping Panel rejects any argument or claim that the deficiencies in the notification procedure which it has identified are minor, do not impact the integrity of the blood sample that was collected and should not serve to invalidate an entire testing […] […] Notification processes contained in the ISTI go to the very heart of assuming jurisdiction over an athlete and thereby acquiring the authority to impose onerous obligations and penalties. Notification is something that must be done correctly. Notification is the ‘gateway’ into a realm of onerous obligations and responsibilities – all falling on an athlete.The FINA Doping Panel insists that FINA members must know with certainty under whose authority they are being tested and that every official attending at the sample collection session has been properly trained, appointed and authorized by the Sample Collection Authority. The fact that the Athlete in this instance did elect to engage in very troubling conduct regarding the collected blood samples […] does not serve to eliminate the requirements resting on IDTM and FINA to comply with the provisions contained in the ISTI.”)。
这也由ISTI第5.1条的通知的目的所承认。(The objective is to ensure that an Athlete who has been selected for Testing is properly notified of Sample collection as outlined in Article 5.4.1, that the rights of the Athlete are maintained, that there are no opportunities to manipulate the Sample to be provided, and that the notification is documented.)。
因此,为了证明孙杨兴奋剂违规,WADA必须首先证明检测机构(即得到国际泳联授权的IDTM),包括IDTM取样人员在取样手续过程中期间严格遵守上述强制性保障措施。
此外,为了证明孙杨并没有适当通知,在任何情况下WADA都不得依赖于一些所谓的反兴奋剂机构的“惯例”,因为无法证明其到底存在与否(In order to prove that the Athlete was not properly notified, WADA cannot rely on some alleged “customary practice” of doping agencies (the existence of which is, in any event, not proven)。而WADA也不能主张以孙杨对ISTI的理解“过于机械”(hyper technical)所以错误,因为恰恰相反,孙杨有权要求IDTM严格遵守相关规定,尤其是ISTI的通知规定。
最后,虽然WADA主张孙杨应立即反对和/或怀疑【raise (and/or second guess) 】检测中违规之处,孙杨没有义务建议兴奋剂检测官怎样才算是正确通知,而是兴奋剂检测官、以及IDTM和国际泳联来确保兴奋剂检测人员严格遵守ISTI的规定。但这是错误的。对此,CAS的CAS 94/129案指出,反对兴奋剂斗争艰巨,可能需要严格的规定。但规则制定者和执行者必须首先严于律己。可能影响职业运动员职业生涯的规则必须具有可预测性、必须来自正式授权机关、必须以符合宪政的适当方式进行适用。规则不应是模糊积累过程的产物。运动员和检测官不应因为相互施加条件甚至自相矛盾的、只能在一小撮内部人员通过多年的实践而确立的规则而互相之间起冲突(The fight against doping is arduous, and it may require strict rules. But the rulemakers and the rule-appliers must begin by being strict with themselves. Regulations that may affect the careers of dedicated athletes must be predictable. They must emanate from duly authorised bodies. They must be adopted in constitutionally proper ways. They should not be the product of an obscure process of accretion. Athletes and officials should not be confronted with a thicket of mutually qualifying or even contradictory rules that can be understood only on the basis of the de facto practice over the course of many years of a small group of insiders.)。
因此,孙杨主张的结论是,由国际泳联授权的IDTM在检测孙杨时并未遵守ISTI的严格要求。其并未有效地在测试中取得对孙杨的管辖权,即并未作出作为先决条件的对孙杨的适当通知,因此即不会导致对《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》的任何违反,而孙杨不该对此受到任何处罚。
此外,还涉及人格权和比例性原则问题。人格权旨在保护个人免受他人对其私人领域和自由的干涉,在大陆法系包括瑞士是基础性法律原则。并以民间为根基法律管辖权,尤其是在瑞士。《瑞士民法典》保护个人和职业发展,而体育协会尽管有自治权,该规则也仍然具有强行法(mandatory law)地位。体育监管机构仅仅遵守自己的规则这仍不够,其应确保其规章不能侵犯其成员的人格权(除非该等侵犯合法)(It is not enough for sports governing bodies to respect its own rules but their regulations cannot infringe their members’ personality rights, unless such infringement is legitimate.)。而即便合法,对于人格权的侵犯也必须遵守比例性原则(principle of proportionality )。孙杨将无法参加比赛,名誉受损,因此对孙杨禁赛8年或4年的处罚显然不成比例。
孙杨请求在程序上驳回本上诉的可受理性和/或CAS的管辖权,在实体上驳回WADA上诉,并由WADA承担其法律费用和其他费用,以及CAS的仲裁费用。
3、国际泳联主张
国际泳联认为,国际泳联兴奋剂检测专家组的一审裁决已经对本案的涉案事实和法律问题进行了完整审理,其结论不能受到严重批评(cannot be seriously criticized)。虽然孙杨及其团队在检测过程中的行为还有其他方面的衡量方式,但IDTM检测人员的严重违规行为使得该检测手续无效。
一审裁决程序公平公正,耗费大量人力物力,其结论是孙杨并未收到适当通知,而且血检助理和尿检助理未出示适当资质。在本上诉中,国际泳联完全支持一审专家组的分析结论。
国际泳联的请求与孙杨相同,此外还包括请求本案CAS仲裁庭确认一审裁决。
二、CAS的管辖权和可受理性问题——WADA是否逾期提交上诉状
CAS规则、《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》规定了WADA若不服国际泳联兴奋剂检测仲裁庭的裁决则可以上诉到CAS重新审理该案。孙杨和国际泳联对CAS的管辖权和上诉的可受理性提出异议的原因是WADA逾期提交上诉状(appeal brief)和WADA的律师涉嫌存在利益冲突。
在管辖权(jurisdiction)方面,CAS仲裁庭认为,即便其认同孙杨和国际泳联的观点,这也不影响其管辖权,其理由是关于WADA和国际级运动员之间的争议是在有关条款里规定的,而孙杨和国际泳联的异议只是与可受理性(admissibiliy)有关。即便其认同孙杨和国际泳联的观点,这也只是阻碍仲裁庭审理案件的实体内容。(The Panel finds that, if upheld,these two objections would not affect the jurisdiction of CAS because the jurisdiction of CAS to rule on disputes involving WADA and an “International-Level Athlete” is provided for in the above-cited provisions.The Respondents’ objections are of admissibility. If the Respondents’ objections were upheld, the Panel would only be prevented from addressing the merits of the case. The Panel will, therefore, address these issues in the context of the admissibility of the appeal below.)
2019年4月9日,CAS告知当事方可受理性的异议推迟到仲裁庭成立后由其审理。仲裁庭于5月1日成立,于5月19日通知双方驳回孙杨的可受理性异议,但原因会在最终裁决中阐明。Romano Subiotto QC并非之前驳回可受理性异议的仲裁庭成员,他也确认了该决定。
1、WADA的上诉声明(Statement of Appeal)
国际泳联一审裁决于2019年1月3日作出并告知孙杨,而在1月7日告知WADA和CHINADA(中国反兴奋剂中心)。《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第13.7.1条明确规定,WADA在CAS提交其上诉声明(Statement of Appeal)的截止日期是除WADA外的任何其他当事方上诉期截止之后的21日(Article 13.7.1 FINA DC makes clear that the deadline for WADA to file its Statement of Appeal is 21 days after the last day on which any other party (except WADA) could have appealed before CAS.)。
WADA于2019年2月14日(即正好是孙杨有权上诉的21天后)提交上诉声明(Statement of Appeal),而其2月18日提出的修订后的上诉声明(amended Statement of Appeal),是在有上诉权的CHINADA上诉期届满的第21天提出的(WADA filed (i) its Statement of Appeal on 14 February 2019, i.e. exactly 21 days after the last day upon which the Athlete was entitled to file his appeal, and (ii) its amended Statement of Appeal on 18 February 2019, i.e. exactly 21 days after the last day upon which CHINADA (another party with a right to appeal) was entitled to file its appeal.)。
因此,仲裁庭认定,上诉声明(Statement of Appeal)和修订后的上诉声明(amended Statement of Appeal)并未逾期提交。
2、WADA的上诉状(Brief of Appeal)
根据《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第13.7.1条,当事人收到决定的21天内有权在CAS提出上诉。
然而,对非本案当事人的其他有权上诉方(如CHINADA,WADA)另有特别规定:其他有权上诉方有权在当事人上诉期届满后的15天内提起上诉,并有权在15天内向裁决机构索取完整案件卷宗的副本,其中包括裁决动机,以及若该程序以非国际泳联官方语言(英语或法语)进行,则裁决本身和裁决动机的英语或法语翻译件,以及为理解该裁决内容所必需的任何文件。
若其他有权上诉方有在该期间内索取该案完整案件卷宗(包括译文),则其应在收到完整案件卷宗之日起的21天内向CAS提出上诉。
虽然如此,但是WADA提起上诉的截止日期应为以下最晚之日期:该案其他有权上诉方的上诉期限届满后的21天内,或WADA收到本案完整案件卷宗后的21天内。
而且,在任何情况下,国际泳联提起上诉的截止日期应为以下最晚之日期:该案其他有权上诉方(WADA除外)的CAS上诉期限届满后的21天内;或国际泳联收到本案完整案件卷宗后的21天内。
《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第13.7.1条规定:
“The deadline to file an appeal to CAS shall be twenty-one (21) days from the date of receipt of the decision by the appealing party. The above notwithstanding, the following shall apply in connection with appeals filed by a party entitled to appeal but which was not a party to the proceedings that led to a decision being appealed:
a) Within a deadline of fifteen (15) days from receipt of the decision, the party/ies entitled to appeal can request a copy of the complete case file from the body that issued the decision, including the motivation of the decision and, if the proceedings took place in another language, a translation in one of FINA’s official languages (English or French) of the decision and of the motivation, as well as of any document which is necessary to understand the content of the decision.
b) If such a request is made within the fifteen-day period, then the party making such request shall have twenty-one (21) days from the receipt of the full file, including translations, to file an appeal to CAS.
The above notwithstanding, the filing deadline for an appeal filed by WADA shall be the later of:
a) Twenty-one (21) days after the last day on which any other party inthe case could have appealed, or
b) Twenty-one (21) days after WADA’s receipt of the complete file relating to the decision.
Similarly, the filing deadline for an appeal by FINA shall be in any event the later of:
a) Twenty-one (21) days after the last day on which any other party (except WADA) could have appealed before CAS; or
b) Twenty-one (21) days from the day of receipt of the complete filere lating to the decision.”
本案中,WADA的上诉状(Brief of Appeal)于2019年4月3日提交。由于CHINADA也有上诉权,进而导致关于作为本案初审当事人的国际泳联的上诉期何时届满,以及是否与WADA的上诉期重合这点有较大争议,也导致了WADA的上诉状是否逾期的争议,进而产生了该上诉状的可受理性问题和仲裁庭的管辖权问题方面的争议。
(1)WADA主张
WADA称其于2月14日提交上诉声明(Statement of Appeal)是出于以防万一而谨慎作出的,因为此时其尚未收到有关一审裁决的完整材料,因此此时实际上《国际泳联反兴奋剂条例》中规定的21天的期限尚未开始。在这方面,仲裁庭注意到,WADA于3月20日致函CAS以提供“关于WADA上诉状的计算截止日期的通知”,并申请CAS对其延期,并获批20天。WADA表示其于2月21日才收到一审裁决的完整档案——国际泳联向WADA提供一审听证会的录音记录。WADA据此主张规定的上诉截止日期为2019年3月14日(其收到完整档案后21天),因此提交上诉状的截止日期为3月24日届满。鉴于CAS已批准另外的20日延期,WADA的上诉状的提交于4月13日到期(In this respect, the Panel notes that, on 20 March 2019,WADA sent a letter to the CAS Court Office by means of which it provided “notice of its calculation of the deadline to file WADA’s appeal brief, and to request that CAS grant an extension of time to confirm the date calculated”, indicating that it had only received the complete file relating to the Appealed Decision on 21 February 2019 (the date on which FINA provided WADA with the audio recordings of the hearing conducted on 19 November 2018 by the FINA Doping Panel). WADA submitted that its deadline to appeal on the basis of Article13.7.1. §2(b) FINA DC was 14 March 2019 (21 days after receipt of the complete file). The Appeal Brief would therefore be due on 24 March 2019. Given that the CAS Court Office granted an additional 20-day extension, WADA’s Appeal Brief would be due on 13 April 2019.)。
WADA还在该函中给出了另一种计算方法,即由于CHINADA也有权上诉决,CHINADA于1月7日才收到一审裁决,其上诉截止日期应为1月28日。根据规定,国际泳联可在CHINADA提起上诉时期届满的21日内提出上诉,因此国际泳联的上诉截止日期为2月18日。因而WADA的上诉截止日期为国际泳联上诉届满之后的21日,即3月11日。因此,上诉状原则上应于3月21日之前提交,但考虑到CAS批准WADA的20日延期,则新期限为4月10日(In the same letter, WADA also provided an alternative calculation. It submitted that CHINADA was also entitled to challenge the Appealed Decision. Since CHINADA was only provided with the A ppealed Decision on 7 January 2019, CHINADA’s deadline to appeal expired on 28 January 2019. Under Article 13.7.1 §3 FINA DC, FINA could file an appeal against the Appealed Decision 21-days after the last day on which CHINADA could file an appeal. FINA’s deadline to appeal was therefore 18 February 2019. It then follows that WADA’s deadline to appeal expired 21-days after FINA’s deadline, i.e. 11 March 2019. The Appeal Brief would therefore in principle be due on 21 March 2019, but considering the additional 20-day extension granted, the deadline for filing the Appeal Brief would expire on 10 April 2019.)。
WADA坚持认为,录音包含证人的证词和国际泳联兴奋剂专家组听取并赖以作出裁决的各方论点。在没有这方面的庭审笔录的情况下,没有理由不认为录音不构成“完整档案”的一部分。此外,国际泳联在1月7日发送给WADA的文件未包含一审当庭出示的、作为依据的,并对此有过激烈讨论的监控录像,WADA于2月4日左右向国际泳联要求该视频,国际泳联于2019年2月11日提供该视频。
WADA进一步主张,请求案例文件缺少的部分的15天截止期限不适用于其自身,这符合规定也符合《世界反兴奋剂规则》,因为《世界反兴奋剂规则》对WADA获得完整文件的权利没有任何时间限制,而这是该规则的强行规定之一,必须“不作实质性改变”地予以实施。WADA进一步主张,本案中所谓的WADA可在极端情况下无期限延长其上诉期限的情形并不存在。WADA及其律师发现国际泳联提供的文件中缺少关键部分,之后迅速采取行动向国际泳联索取。
(2)孙杨主张
孙杨认为WADA提交上诉状的延长期限已于3月20日届满,并且由于WADA逾期提交上诉状因此应视为撤销上诉。孙杨主张WADA和CHINADA于1月7日即收到了包括听证会录音的一审的完整档案,而听证会录音不属于规定所指的卷宗(case file)。仅在2月19日,即WADA已提交其上诉声明(Statement of Appeal)和修订后的上诉声明(amended Statement of Appeal)之后,WADA才向国际泳联请求提供提供该录音,国际泳联于2月21日向WADA提供该录音。孙杨主张此要求是在规则规定的15天期限后才提出的,因此逾期。若认可WADA的解释则意味着WADA只要其时不时地向其他当事人索要某个文件,就可以以这种方式随便无限期延迟上诉状提交的期限。
(3)国际泳联主张
国际泳联反对WADA的论点,认为WADA提交上诉状的延长期限已于3月20日到期,并且由于WADA逾期提交上诉状视为撤销上诉,并且仲裁庭应作出终止令。国际泳联进一步指出,WADA得到一审裁决和完整档案的时间1月7日,其提交上诉书的21天期限于1月28日到期。听证会的录音不属于案件卷宗的一部分,也不属于要求提供的文件。国际泳联进一步指出请求完整卷宗的目的是允许该方评估提出上诉的机会,而在本案中,WADA在向国际泳联请求该档案之前其即已提交了上诉声明。国际泳联坚持认为,根据相关规定,WADA提交上诉状的截止日期为2019年2月28日(2019年1月7日+21天+21天+10天)。但是考虑到WADA获得了20天延期,WADA提交上诉状的期限于3月20日到期。
关于另一种计算方法,后来国际泳联主张其自己的上诉期限与WADA的上诉期限相关且同时进行。因此,在国际泳联上诉期限截至之后WADA并无21天的额外时间。而WADA主张孙杨和国际泳联之前没有提出这一论点,且论点与本案规则文本的一般含义相抵触。
3、仲裁庭认定
当事人各方对CHINADA的上诉权并无异议。CHINADA是孙杨的国家反兴奋剂组织,而《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》规定该等组织有上诉权。一审裁决于1月7日通知给了CHINADA,而根据规则规定,CHINADA的21天上诉期于1月28日到期。因此,仲裁庭要解决的主要问题是,WADA的上诉期限是否与国际泳联的上诉期限相同,或者WADA在国际泳联的上诉期限届满后是否有21天的额外期限提起上诉。
仲裁庭认为,《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第13.7.1§2(a)条的措词并无任何疑问,该条与《世界反兴奋剂规则》的有关规定相类似,其中规定的WADA的期限最长截止到该案其他有权上诉方的上诉期限届满后的21天。仲裁庭认为“该案其他有权上诉方”也包括国际泳联,因此,WADA在国际泳联上诉期限届满后又有21天的上诉期。(The Panel finds that the reference to “any other party” is applicable also to FINA and that WADA was, therefore, afforded an additional period of 21 daysto appeal after the deadline to appeal for FINA expired.)
仲裁庭尤其认为WADA最有说服力的理由是,WADA作为《世界反兴奋剂规则》的主要协调者,需要决定对哪些决定提出上诉,在这方面的相关考虑因素之一为其他有权上诉方是否已经提起上诉。仲裁庭认为,如果国际泳联与WADA有相同的上诉时限,则WADA这种职能和《世界反兴奋剂规则》第13.2.3条和《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第13.7.1§2(a)条的规定中的法理(rationale)可能会受阻,理由是WADA在不知道国际泳联是否会上诉的情况下就要决定其自身是否要上诉(The Panel in particular finds the reasoning of WADA compelling, namely that, as the main harmonizer of the WADA Code, it needs to decide which decisions to appeal and that a relevant consideration in this respect could be whether any other party with a right to do so has already filed an appeal. The Panel finds that such function and the rationale of Article 13.2.3 WADA Code and Article 13.7.1 §2(a) FINA DC would be obstructed if FINA were to be granted an identical time limit to appeal as WADA, for in such case WADA would have been required to decide whether to challenge the Appealed Decision without knowing if FINA would do so.)。
有关规定中的仅适用于WADA的特别规定并不违反所有各方一律平等的一般原则。WADA的特殊地位和职能在于制止和打击与兴奋剂有关的违规行为,以服务于共同体利益,这是实现《奥林匹克宪章》的主要目标之一。《世界反兴奋剂规则》特别加入了“虽然如此,但”(“The above notwithstanding”)这么一段,以说明前款的规定不适用于WADA的期限(The existence of a special provision, applicable only to WADA, does not violate the general principle of parity of all the Parties. The special status and unique function of WADA serves in the general interest to prevent and counter doping-related violations in sport, and in doing so, it pursues one of the key objectives of the Olympic Charter. The WADA Code’s intention to recognize in some aspect that special status is made clear by the “ad hoc” paragraph proceeded by “The above notwithstanding”, so as to clarify that the previous paragraph’s provisions are not applicable to the paragraph concerning WADA’s deadline.)。
因此,由于国际泳联的上诉期限于2月18日届满,则WADA还有21天的时间(到3月11日)进行上诉,而上诉状应在上诉截止日期10日内提交(到3月21日)。而考虑到WADA获准20天延期,上诉状应在4月10日之前提交。(Accordingly, since FINA could challenge the Appealed Decision until 18 February 2019, WADA had an additional 21 days to challenge the Appealed Decision, i.e. until 11 March 2019. The Appeal Brief was to be filed within 10 days following the deadline to file an appeal, i.e. until 21 March 2019. Finally, considering that WADA was granted an additional 20-day extension, the Appeal Brief was to be filed by 10 April 2019.)。
WADA于2019年4月3日提交上诉状,仲裁庭认为上诉状已及时提交。驳回孙杨和国际泳联对上诉的可受理性提出的异议,以及CAS管辖权异议。
三、CAS的管辖权和可受理性问题——WADA律师的利益冲突问题
7月26日,CAS告知各方仲裁庭的结论是,决定不要求WADA律师回避,其参与本案程序对于CAS管辖权和案件的可受理性都没有影响。
仲裁庭认为,律师回避的可受理性非常有限(to be admitted restrictively),理由是律师回避的门槛很高,本案中未能满足。关键点在于孙杨一方未能证明WADA律师因为其之前在国际泳联法律委员会的成员身份而获取本诉讼程序的程序性或实质性利益(Mr Young acquired any procedural or substantive benefit for the present proceedings from his past membership with the FINA Legal Committee),国际泳联法律委员会通常不参与反兴奋剂程序违规程序,国际泳联总裁也表示WADA律师并未从国际泳联收到过有关孙杨案的任何信息。仲裁庭认为,WADA律师参与了《国际泳联反兴奋剂条例》的起草过程而获得的有关该条例的任何知识与本案无关(Any general knowledge about FINA’s Anti-Doping Regulations acquired by Mr Young due to his involvement in the drafting process of these rules is not considered pertinent by the Panel.)。虽然WADA律师与国际泳联总裁之间的电话内容有争议,国际泳联总裁对WADA律师代理国际泳联的相对方一事表示明确抗议,但其并没明确反对WADA律师作出的与本案无利益冲突的解释。
因此,WADA律师不存在利益冲突的情况且不用回避。
四、准据法问题
本案当事人对于《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》和WADA《国际检测和调查标准》(ISTI,International Standard forTesting and Investigations)的适用性并无异议。
《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》第20.1条规定,除第20.4条另有规定外,该规则是一个自治的规则,不参照其他任何其他法则进行解释,而CAS规则第R58条规定尊重当事人意思自治,因此本案的准据法为《国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》(2017版)和ISTI(2017版)。
五、结论
仲裁庭在本案实体裁决之前的部分驳回了孙杨和国际泳联以WADA逾期提交上诉状和其律师具有利益冲突为由提出的WADA的上诉申请不具有可受理性和CAS不具有管辖权的请求,并确定了准据法为国际泳联反兴奋剂规则》(2017版)和ISTI(2017版)。