2019年10月28日,在Oded Besserglik v Republic of Mozambique (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/14/2)案中,仲裁庭一致裁定,提出仲裁申请时《南非-莫桑比克双边投资条约》必须已经生效。涉案BIT要求缔约国在批准条约后交换通知以后才生效,而本案双方缔约国批准BIT后并未交换通知。申请人的律师明知该事实,但企图蒙混过关提出投资仲裁,莫桑比克也存在过失未能察觉该问题,在仲裁庭组建之后两年才提出管辖权异议。尽管如此,仲裁庭仍然行使其裁量权,裁定即便是在这种严重拖延的情况下也应当同意莫桑比克的异议申请,理由是BIT的效力问题涉及仲裁庭管辖权的根源问题,属于根本问题,仲裁庭对此必须予以审查。
一、背景介绍
1、与管辖权有关的事实背景
本案申请人Oded Besserglik是南非国民,在莫桑比克有投资,主张莫桑比克政府非法剥夺其资产。
2014年3月4日,申请人依照《南非-莫桑比克双边投资条约(BIT)》和莫桑比克投资法依照《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》在ICSID提起仲裁申请。
2014年7月3日,时任ICSID秘书长受理了该申请。
2015年1月,仲裁庭成立。仲裁程序分为管辖权阶段和实体阶段。
2016年4月,莫桑比克于提交管辖权的《答辩意见》以及证人证言和物证,并于2017年1月提交《第二次答辩》。这些文件中均无任何关于BIT尚未生效的主张。
2017年6月20日,在仲裁庭成立近两年半之后,莫桑比克提出了驳回动议,主张《南非-莫桑比克BIT》尚未生效。此时离仲裁庭关于管辖权和责任认定的开庭审理只有几周时间,而且莫桑比克和南非进行了外交照会,确认该BIT尚未生效。
2、涉案BIT条文
《南非-莫桑比克BIT》第12条第1款规定:
缔约双方应在其各自的为使本协定生效的宪法要求得到满足时立即通知彼此。本协定应自最后一份通知收到之日起的第二日生效。
The Contracting Parties shall notify each other promptly when their respective constitutional requirements for entry into force of this Agreement have been fulfilled. The Agreement shall enter into force on the day following the date of receipt of the last notification.
二、双方主张
1、申请人的主张
投资者作为申请人对莫桑比克提出的驳回动议提出了两个程序性异议:
(1)莫桑比克的驳回动议时效届满且严重延迟,因此依照《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第2款,莫桑比克在此阶段不得提出管辖权异议。
《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第2款规定:
任何关于本争议不在仲裁庭管辖范围之内的异议都应在仲裁庭组成后尽快向秘书长提出,无论如何不得迟于所确定的提起答辩状的时限,或者如果异议与附带主张有关,则不得迟于提出第二次答辩之前,除非该当事方当时不知道异议的事实依据。
Any objection that the dispute is not within the competence of the Tribunal shall be filed with the Secretary-General as soon as possible after the constitution of the Tribunal and in any event no later than the expiration of the time limit fixed for the filing of the counter-memorial or, if the objection relates to an ancillary claim, for the filing of the rejoinder—unless the facts on which the objectionis based are unknown to the party at that time.
(2)莫桑比克的驳回动议时效届满且严重延迟,依照《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第33条和第34条,莫桑比克已经对其管辖权异议弃权。
《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第33条第3款规定:
除非仲裁庭在特殊情况下并给予另一方陈述其观点的机会后另有决定,否则在适用时效届满后才被采取的任何步骤均不予考虑。
Any step taken after expiration of the applicable time limit shall be disregarded unless the Tribunal, in special circumstances and after giving the other party an opportunity of stating its views, decides otherwise.
第34条规定:
一方当事人若知道或理应知道本规则、适用于该程序的任何其他规则或协议、或仲裁庭命令的规定未得到遵守,并且没有及时说明其的异议,则应视为已放弃异议权。”
A party which knows or ought to have known that a provision of these Rules, of any other rules or agreement applicable to the proceeding, or of an order of the Tribunal has not been complied with and which fails to state promptly its objections thereto,shall be deemed to have waived the right to object.
(3)申请人主张《南非-莫桑比克BIT》已生效,理由是间接证据表明,两国实际上按照BIT的要求交换了通知;莫桑比克政府机构声称BIT已经生效;如果发现仲裁庭认定《南非-莫桑比克BIT》已生效,则其应裁定莫桑比克应就其长期以来向投资者陈述该条约已经生效而被禁反言。
2、莫桑比克的主张
莫桑比克主张仲裁庭应根据《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第2款对驳回动议给予宽限,因为莫桑比克直到那时才意识到BIT尚未生效,原因是:
(1)在ICSID和UNCTAD(联合国贸易和发展会议)网站上的有关《南非-莫桑比克BIT》已生效的信息不正确;
(2)南非已告知申请人该BIT未生效,但是申请人的律师隐瞒了证据并继续提出仲裁;
(3)南非在很晚的时候才提供信息表明该BIT尚未生效;
(4)依照《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第3款,仲裁庭有继续的义务根据这一异议意见考虑争端是否在其职权范围之内。
《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第3款规定:
仲裁庭可以在程序的任何阶段主动考虑争端[……]是否在其职权范围之内。
The Tribunal may on its own initiative consider, at any stage of the proceeding, whether the dispute […] is within its competence.
(5)莫桑比克进指出该BIT尚未生效的原因包括:双方现在都已确认该BIT尚未生效;《南非-莫桑比克BIT》第12条第1款规定的通知既未发送过,也未被任何一方接收;南非从未按照《南非宪法》第231条第2款的要求来批准该BIT;联合国法律事务厅首席司库还确认,并没有记录表明BIT已提交联合国注册。
三、仲裁庭认定
仲裁庭认为,尽管莫桑比克的管辖权异议严重延迟,但仍然可以被受理,并且进而批准了莫桑比克的驳回动议,驳回投资者的所有请求,理由是《南非-莫桑比克BIT》尚未生效,因此仲裁庭缺乏管辖权。仲裁庭裁定当事双方支付各自的法律费用,并平均分担仲裁费用。
1、莫桑比克的驳回动议严重延迟
首先,仲裁庭考虑了申请人的两个程序异议。仲裁庭认定莫桑比克未能履行《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第2款规定的举证责任(The primary obligation is to file the objection as soon as possible. Only when this obligation cannot be so discharged may a party seeking to file the objections have further time.)。莫桑比克主张其提出驳回动议之前,莫桑比克都不知道并且不能合理地意识到BIT是无效。然而,其作为一个国家,其签署并批准了该BIT,但并不知道其自己未发出通知这一事实是“不可思议的”,尤其是该国在审查其档案后未意识到这一根本性的异议。这本应是当其知道仲裁请求发出后应该做的第一件事(In this case in particular, proof that Respondent actually knew such a fact is unnecessary as it is inconceivable that Respondent, on a reasonable examination of its records, could possibly have remained unaware of such a fundamental objection to the competence of the tribunal.)。
莫桑比克不能以ICSID网站错误显示该BIT已生效这一事实作为其延迟提出异议的借口,因为ICSID网站不是关于BIT效力的官方依据,而该网站上的信息是由有关政府提供的。此外,网站本身声明其无法保证信息的准确性。因此,莫桑比克不能主张其被该网站误导以为其延迟提出驳回动议提供抗辩(A State, in particular, cannot claim that it was misled by inaccurate information on a publicly accessible and non-official website with respect to a BIT which it itself had negotiated,signed and ratified. Any information on such a website is at best a secondary source. The primary source are the records of the State parties to the BIT.They ought to know if the information displayed on the website is inaccurate.If a website displays incorrect information, it is for them to point out any inaccuracies in the website information and ask for it to be corrected. Having failed to do so they cannot rely on such secondary information, whose accuracy is not guaranteed, to claim that they were misled by it.)。
在申请人询问之后,南非政府已告知申请人的律师该BIT未生效,但在仲裁庭下令之前这一事实并未得到披露(According to Respondent, Claimant did not disclose this 2011 email to ICSID, the Tribunal or the Respondent (ultimately it was disclosed in February 2018, when the Tribunal ordered the Claimant to disclose materials from the South African Court case)。然而,这也不能作为其延迟提出异议的借口,理由是莫桑比克自己也可以对南非政府做类似询问。但是,仲裁庭认为这是没有必要的,因为莫桑比克应该检查自己的档案来核实这点(Respondent was one of the two custodians of the record relating to the BIT being in force. A glance at its own records was sufficient to convey to Respondent all the information it needed to submit that the BIT was not in force and the Tribunal had no jurisdiction … All that Respondent had to do was to approach the concerned officials of South Africa; had it done so, it would have known that the BIT was not in force.)。
仲裁庭还得出认定,本案中不存在根据《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第33条的特殊情况以使得仲裁庭对莫桑比克的动议予以宽限,而第34条在此并不适用。
2、仲裁庭有义务根据《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第3款审查莫桑比克的动议
在正常情况下,由于莫桑比克驳回动议严重延迟,仲裁庭有权驳回该动议。但是,仲裁庭援引 Pac Rim Cayman LLC v Republic of El Salvador (ICSID Case No ARB/09/12)案,认为该动议事关重大,“触及了该仲裁庭管辖权的根本”(to the very root of the jurisdiction of this Tribunal),因此无论仲裁庭是否有权审理本案,其都有义务且不能拒绝根据《ICSID附加便利仲裁规则》第45条第3款来审查该动议(This Tribunal, therefore, has no discretion in the matter. Once its attention has been drawn-- it does not matter how -- to the fact that the dispute may not be within its competence, it must consider and decide that question.)。
此外,依照Zhinvali Development Ltd. v Republic of Georgia (ICSID Case No. ARB/00/1)案仲裁庭有优先权(prerogative)来审理管辖权异议,而依照Pac Rim v El Salvador案仲裁庭有义务(duty)审理管辖权异议。
3、BIT尚未生效
《维也纳条约法公约》第24条第1款规定:
条约生效之方式及日期,依条约之规定或依谈判国之协议。
A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may provide or as the negotiating States may agree.
仲裁庭审查证据后认为,BIT第12条第1款要求BIT只有在缔约双方互相通知之后才得生效,该条约文本采取了一种“形式性的方式”(a formalistic approach)来规定条约生效的条件,该要求是一个必要的要求,是仲裁庭进行认定的最重要的依据。然而,缔约双方没有互相通知,因此该BIT实际上并未生效。(This language suggests that the State parties agreed to a formalistic approach to the entry into force of the BIT.The two States were to notify one another when their respective constitutional requirements for entry into force of the BIT (i.e., ratification) had been fulfilled. The agreement was not that the BIT would enter into force when the constitutional requirements for entry into force in both States were effected.The agreement was that it would enter into force “on the day following the date of receipt of the last notification” of compliance with such requirements.)
莫桑比克已经批准该BIT并在其官方公报上发布该通知这一事实仅仅是向着BIT的实际生效所迈出的一个步骤(Ratification, however, was not what was required for the entry in force of the BIT under its Article 12(1). The requirement was reciprocal notifications from Respondent to South Africa and vice versa that the BIT had been ratified. The BIT was to enter in force only a day after the last such notification was received. The Tribunal is of the view that ratification and the publication in the Official Gazette that the BIT was ratified, by Respondent, was, therefore, a step towards the entering into force of the BIT.)。虽然仲裁庭承认在某些情况下这样做就已经能够让BIT生效了,但是基于本案案情和BIT的这种规定,该BIT并未生效。虽然尚不清楚为什么莫桑比克意识到该BIT尚未生效后并没有立刻通知ICSID和UNCTAD以告知其网站上显示的信息不正确,但是这种不作为本身并不能使得BIT生效,而BIT也只能在缔约国交换通知以后才得生效(The information on the ICSID and UNCTAD websites is subject to disclaimers and cannot found rights or subject parties to obligations. The Tribunal notes that Respondent did not protest the announcements on the ICSID and UNCTAD websites. If the information displayed was incorrect Respondent ought to have taken steps to have it corrected to save the users of the websites from being misled. Its neglect or failure to do so,however, cannot be regarded as meeting the requirements of a notification under Article 12(1) of the BIT or as entering it into force.)。
同时,南非支持莫桑比克关于该BIT尚未生效的观点,而这导致对其本国国民的主张不利,这也进一步巩固了该BIT尚未生效的认定。
4、其他问题
尽管以上认定足以解决本案争议,但仲裁庭还审查了当事方的其他论点。仲裁庭认为,BIT第12条第(1)款的互通知要求不能“通过援引禁反言原则而推定为存在”(The jurisdiction of the Tribunal and the BIT being in force is a matter of law. Just as the jurisdiction of the Tribunal cannot be created by invoking the doctrine of estoppel, neither can a treaty which is not in force be given effect by an argument based on estoppel.)。而且即便可以如此推定,本案也未能满足国际法中的禁反言要求,而该要求需要有明确的事实陈述;自愿、无条件、以及有授权;另一方真诚地依赖该陈述而导致受到损害,或者导致让陈述方获得利益。(The essentials of estoppel in international law are: (i) An unambiguous statement of fact; (ii) Which is voluntary, unconditional and authorized; and (iii) Which is relied on in good faith to the detriment of the other party or to the advantage of the party making the statement.)仲裁庭不认为申请人能够证明其在投资前依赖了被申请人的任何陈述而遭受损失(The Tribunal is not satisfied that Claimant has been able to prove that it relied on any representation made by the Respondent prior to the making of the investment and suffered as a consequence.)。
最后,根据莫桑比克投资法,该主张也不能成立,因为该法中有关争端解决的规定要求存在有效的BIT。
尽管莫桑比克的驳回动议的请求获胜,但仲裁庭并未裁定申请人承担莫桑比克的法律费用,理由是莫桑比克的行为有问题,包括其未能在规定的时限内提出该动议,以及未能及时通知ICSID和UNCTAD更正网站信息,等等。
四、评论
本案关于管辖权问题,特别是BIT是否生效问题纠缠了5年之久。本案本应在很早的阶段就被驳回,但是由于本案中双方都犯了严重错误,导致该案件旷日持久。本案仲裁费用将近50万美元,投资者和莫桑比克各自的法律费用都在200万美元上下,如此多的人力物力都投入在了涉案BIT是否生效这么一个简单问题上非常不合理,而且莫桑比克本身也属于最不发达的国家之一。
本案集中暴露了投资仲裁中存在的滥诉、时间长、费用高、效率低、当事人道德问题、以及程序设置非常不合理的种种弊端。
本来本案在很多时间节点上都可以结案,例如申请人律师在询问母国政府后得知涉案BIT未生效时、ICSID在受理案件时、仲裁庭组建时、以及莫桑比克政府应诉时。
在ICSID方面,若ICSID或者仲裁庭能首先努力查清涉案BIT的效力问题,而不是消极受案,则本案本不至于造成这么大的人力物力的浪费。
此外,当事人双方律师的职业道德问题和执业水准问题也是有问题的。一方面,申请人律师在明知涉案BIT未生效的情况下仍企图蒙混过关,对于这种操作而言在很多国家是违反律师执业操守和职业道德的,会受到律协严厉处分,但是本案由于是投资仲裁,仲裁庭只能在费用的分担上对这个问题进行处理。另一方面,莫桑比克的律师在准备答辩的时候也未能致力于查明这一问题,以至于未能尽早及时提出抗辩,而导致后续大量人力物力的浪费。由于双方都有过失,因此仲裁庭裁定仲裁费用由双方分担,而双方各自的法律费用由双方自行承担。
本案给予我们的启示是,作为被申请人东道国应仔细检查自己的投资条约的状态,以确保及时提出基于BIT适用性的抗辩。
而且,即便当事人提出主张或者异议有严重拖延等情况,但只要该等主张或者异议触及了该仲裁庭管辖权的根本,特别是涉及与被申请人东道国对仲裁的同意时,仲裁庭也必须行使其裁量权,以忽略该拖延。
此外,本案暴露了国际仲裁缺乏适当的律师执业道德要求以及适当的执业水准的问题,该问题还有待业界和国际社会取得共识。
此案对于投资者也是一个警示,即其不要依赖ICSID和UNCTAD网站关于BIT的效力的说明,而应向母国或者东道国有关当局进行核实。