2019年12月10日,在Giorgio Armani SPA and others v Elan Clothes Co Ltd f/k/a DalianLes Copious Clothes Co Ltd [2019] HKCFI 2983一案中,香港高等法院原讼法庭(以下简称法院)认为,涉案协议明确SPA“及其关联方”为一方当事人,即使这些关联方没有签署协议,另一方当事人Eland也不得对其提起诉讼,只能根据仲裁条款,将由涉案协议产生或与之有关的争议提交仲裁。因此,法院宣布Elan在山东提起诉讼违反《主协议》及仲裁条款,并支持了原告签发禁诉令和采取临时措施的请求。
一、背景介绍
本案有四名原告,分别是Giorgio Armani SPA(以下简称SPA)、Giorgio Armani (Shanghai) Trading Co Ltd(以下简称Shanghai)、Giorgio Armani Hong Kong Ltd(以下简称HK)和Mr Giorgio Armani(以下简称GA)。本案被告为Elan。
2014年12月,SPA与Elan签订了《主协议》,SPA指定Elan为授权零售商,在内地开设及经营单一标识店铺,所出售的商品至少使用《主协议》中所确定的其中一个阿玛尼商标。Elan根据《主协议》,向授权经销商Shanghai和HK采购阿玛尼产品。
《主协议》规定适用香港法,其中第13条约定:
“13.1源于本协议或由本协议产生或与之有关的任何纠纷、争议或请求,包括与本协议的效力、解释、履行、违约和终止有关的争议应根据贸易法委员会现行有效的仲裁规则(可由本条款的其余部分予以修订)进行仲裁。委任机构为香港国际仲裁中心。仲裁地点应在香港国际仲裁中心。仲裁员人数为三人。仲裁员的决定具有终局约束力,可以由具有管辖权的任何法院执行。
13.2第13条的任何规定均不得被解释为妨碍任何当事人在任何有管辖权的法院,在仲裁庭根据法律的强制性规定不具有权限的情况下,寻求保全或其他临时救济。”
“13.1 Any dispute, controversy or claim deriving from, arising out and/or regarding this Agreement, including any dispute regarding the validity, interpretation, construction, performance, breach and termination thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as at present in force and as may be amended by the rest of this clause. The appointing authority shall be Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC). The place of arbitration shall be in Hong Kong at Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre. The number of arbitrators shall be three. The arbitrator’s [sic] decision shall be final and binding and may be enforced by any court of competent jurisdiction.
13.2 Nothing in this article 13 shall be construed as preventing any Party from seeking conservator or other interim relief and remedies, in relation to which the arbitration committee is not competent pursuant to mandatory provisions of law, in any court of competent jurisdiction.”
2017年2月,SPA宣布“重塑标识”,其结果是阿玛尼旗下某些标识的产品被重新命名,以另一个阿玛尼旗标识销售。当事人的争议由此产生。Elan称重塑标识导致其蒙受重大损失,故不再根据《主协议》支付版税和广告费用。
随后,SPA向Elan发送了终止《主协议》的通知。2018年6月5日,SPA在香港提起仲裁,请求仲裁庭宣布其已合法终止《主协议》,并要求Elan支付损害赔偿。在仲裁程序中,SPA向仲裁庭申请追加Shanghai、HK和GA为当事人。在本案庭审时,仲裁庭尚未对SPA追加当事人的申请作出决定。
2018年8月2日,Elan在山东法院向SPA、Shanghai、HK和GA提起诉讼,声称SPA和GA取消阿玛尼旗下两个标识损害了Elan的利益,应承担连带责任。2018年9月18日,Elan请求山东法院对Shanghai的资产进行保全,金额为6亿美元。随后,山东法院冻结了Shanghai的资产,并在Shanghai提供银行保函后释放了这些资产。
在山东诉讼中,SPA、Shanghai、HK和GA均提出管辖权异议。2019年7月10日,山东法院作出裁定,支持了他们的异议,并驳回了Elan的起诉。
2018年10月25日,SPA向香港高等法院原讼法庭提起本案诉讼,请求法院宣布Elan在山东提起诉讼的行为违反《主协议》及仲裁条款,签发要求Elan终止山东诉讼的永久禁令,限制Elan启动或进行除《主协议》仲裁条款允许的程序之外的任何程序,以及在仲裁决定作出之前签发临时禁令和临时措施。同日,法院签发禁令,限制Elan在山东诉讼中采取进一步。2019年2月27日,经法院批准,追加Shanghai、HK和GA为本案原告。
在本案中,针对原告的前述请求,法院作出以下认定。
二、法院认定
Elan认为,Shanghai、HK和GA不是《主协议》的当事人,不受仲裁条款的约束,故不能阻止Elan提起针对Shanghai、HK和GA的山东诉讼。Elan还认为,法院不应审理原告在本案中提出的请求,因为这可能与仲裁庭关于追加Shanghai、HK和GA为仲裁当事人的决定不一致。另外,Elan还表示,山东诉讼的诉因是四名原告共同实施了侵权行为,违反了《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》,侵犯了Elan的财产权、商业信誉和预期经营利益,在性质上属于中国法下的侵权诉讼,而非合同诉讼。Elan认为,SPA和Elan是《主协议》的当事人,Shanghai、HK和GA则不是。仲裁程序只涉及《主协议》项下的支付版税的争议,并不包括Elan对取消相关阿玛尼标识的指控控诉。因此,Elan否认其违反了仲裁条款,至少针对Shanghai、HK和GA的诉讼不违反仲裁条款。
没有争议的是,HK为SPA的全资子公司,Shanghai是HK的全资子公司,GA是SPA的控制人和董事会主席。
1. 《主协议》的当事人以及仲裁协议的范围
首先,《主协议》中明确该协议是在SPA“及其分支机构和关联方”与Elan之间制定。《主协议》对“关联方”作出如下定义:“直接或间接地通过一个或多个中介控制特定人、被特定人控制、或处于特定人的共同控制下的人。”(The MA is expressed to the made “by and between” SPA “together with its branch offices and Affiliates”, and Elan. Each of SPA and Elan is referred to in the MA as a “Party”, and together as the “Parties”.“Affiliate” is defined in clause 1.6 of the MA as a person “directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, is Controlled by, or under common Control with, the specified person”.)
法院认为,《主协议》将SPA“及其分支机构和关联方”描述为一方当事人,清楚表明SPA、Shanghai、HK和 GA都被列为协议当事人。“关联方”的宽泛定义将SPA全资拥有的HK,HK全资拥有的Shanghai以及控制SPA董事会和管理层的GA包括在内。(The description of the parties tothe MA, and of SPA as a Party “together with its Affiliates”, is clear indication that SPA, Shanghai, HK and GA are all included as parties to the agreement. The wide definition of “Affiliates” in the MA includes HK which is wholly owned by SPA, Shanghai whichis wholly owned by HK, and GA who controls the board and management of SPA)。对《主协议》进行整体审查和解释后清楚表明,《主协议》的当事人不仅包括SPA,还包括作为关联方的Shanghai、HK和GA,且《主协议》有意使这些关联方也从中受益(It is clear from the overall review and construction of the MA that the parties to the MA include not only SPA, but Shanghai, HK and GA as Affiliates, and that the MA was intended to benefit the Affiliates as well)。
法院援引Hoffman勋爵在评价Fiona Trust& Holding Corp v Privalov [2007] 4 All ER 951案时所强调的观点,即解释包括仲裁条款在内的合同时应当假定,作为理性商人的当事人很可能打算将因其达成的关系所引起的任何争议提交给同一仲裁庭决定,除非所采用的语言明确表明当事人有意将某些问题排除在仲裁庭的管辖之外(Of particular importance in the construction of contracts including arbitration clauses, are the commercial considerations highlighted by Lord Hoffman in Fiona Trust & Holding Corp v Privalov [2007] 4 All ER 951. The assumption is that as rational businessmen, parties are likely to have intended any dispute arising out of the relationship in which they had entered or purported to enter to be decided by the same tribunal. An arbitration clause should be construed in accordance with this presumption unless the language makes it clear that certain questions were intended to be excluded from the arbitrator’s jurisdiction)。
在本案中,显然,根据《主协议》所创建的关系,Elan将被供应带有阿玛尼标识的产品并在中国大陆销售。这些产品预计将由SPA及其授权经销商的关联方供应。关于Elan在内地供应、销售和分销带有阿玛尼标识产品的权利及其支付款项的义务的争议,均产生于、源于《主协议》以及当事人在该协议下创建的关系并与之有关(Disputes as to Elan’s right to be supplied with and to sell and distribute the Products bearing the Armani Marks on the Mainland, and its obligations to make payments thereunder, all arise out of, derived from and relate to the MA, and the relationship created thereunder between the parties)。作为理性的商人,必须假定他们将在大陆供应、销售和分销带有阿玛尼标识的产品有关的所有此类争议,将以《主协议》第13.1条选择和明确约定的方式,提交给同一法庭解决,即在香港通过仲裁解决(As rational commercial businessmen, it must have been contemplated and intended by them that all such disputes relating to the supply, sale and distribution of the Products bearing the Armani Markson the Mainland should be decided by one tribunal, in the manner chosen and expressly provided for in clause 13.1 of the MA, namely by arbitration in HongKong)。
尽管Shanghai、HK和 GA没有签署《主协议》,但用商业常识,从有利于一站式仲裁的现代推定趋势对《主协议》第13.1条的措辞进行解释可知,第13.1条必须扩展到针对Shanghai、HK、GA和其他在“关联方”宽泛定义范围内的实体的索赔和争议(Even if Shanghai, HK and GA are not parties to the MA, it is clear in my judgment that from the language of clause 13.1, used in the commercial sense, and construed in the modern trend of presumption in favour of one-stop arbitration, clause 13.1 must extend to claims against and disputes with Shanghai, HK, GA and other entities within the wide definition of “Affiliates”, such as those which were made by Elan in the Shandong Proceedings)。
因此,法院认为,Elan向 Shanghai、HK和 GA提起山东诉讼的行为违反了《主协议》所包含的仲裁条款。
2. 《仲裁条例》第 45(4)条的相关性
《仲裁条例》第 45条规定:“(2)原讼法庭可应任何一方的申请,就已在或将会在香港或香港以外地方展开的任何仲裁程序,批给临时措施。(3)本条授予的权力,可由原讼法庭行使,不论仲裁庭是否可根据第35 条就同一争议行使类似的权力。(4)原讼法庭可基于以下理由,拒绝根据第(2)款批给临时措施:(a)所寻求的临时措施,在当时是仲裁程序的标的;及(b)原讼法庭认为,由仲裁庭处理所寻求的临时措施,更为适当。”
Elan认为法院不应当审理原告所寻求的救济,因仲裁已准备就绪,仲裁庭将审议SPA提出的追加Shanghai、HK 和GA的申请。法院不应就实质上相同的事项(即Shanghai、HK 和GA是否是《主协议》和仲裁的当事人)先于仲裁庭作出决定,根据《仲裁条例》第 45(4)条,由仲裁庭审理原告的请求更为合适。
法院指出,原告提起本案请求的实质是签发禁诉令,除根据《主协议》第13条进行仲裁外,限制Elan开始和进行山东诉讼程序,针对山东诉讼裁定的上诉程序,以及其他任何法律程序。显然,根据The Angelic Grace [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep87案和Donahue v Armco[2002] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 425案阐明的原则,无论是根据《高等法院条例》第21L条或行使法院的固有管辖权,法院都有权签发禁诉令(It is clear that the Court has jurisdiction to do this, under section 21L of the High Court Ordinance and/or its inherent jurisdiction, in accordance with the principles clearly set out in The Angelic Grace[1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 87, and Donahue v Armco [2002] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 425)。“基于简单明了的理由,即被申请人承诺不提起诉讼”,就应当签发此种限制违反协议提起外国法律程序的禁令(The justification for such an injunction is that it should be granted to restrain foreign proceedings in breach of an agreement “on the simple and clear ground that the defendant has promised not to bring them”)。
在仲裁庭作出仲裁裁决期间,法院也可以根据《仲裁条例》第45条签发禁诉令作为一项临时措施,限制当事人违反仲裁协议而提起外国诉讼(参见GM1 & GM2 v KC [2019] HKCFI 2793, 14 November 2019案)。第45(4)条的适用不影响法院签发“临时措施”范围内的救济。第45(4)条载明,如果法院认为由仲裁庭处理所寻求的临时措施更为适当,法院“可以”拒绝签发此类临时措施。另外,第45(4)条明确规定,不论仲裁庭是否可根据第35 条就同一争议行使类似的权力,法院都可以行使该条授予的权力。(Section 45 (4), when it applies, does not prohibit the Court from granting relief falling within the scope of “interim measures”. The section only states that the Court “may” decline to grant such interim measure, if it considers it more appropriate for the interim measure to be dealt with by the tribunal. Section 45 (3) of the Ordinance expressly states that the powers conferred by the section may be exercised by the Court irrespective of whether or not similar powers may be exercised by an arbitral tribunal under section 35 in relation to the same dispute.)
更为重要的是,原告在本案中所寻求的禁令救济目前并不是“属于仲裁标的临时措施”(即不满足第45(4)(a)条的要求),SPA在仲裁中只是试图追加Shanghai、HK 和GA为当事人,而没有寻求禁令救济。至于Shanghai、HK 和GA是否应当被追加为当事人,应由仲裁庭决定,当然,这将涉及仲裁庭是否具有管辖权的问题。仲裁所寻求的标的和救济可能与本案重叠,但是,法院可以也应当授予适当的救济,如宣布Elan违反协议并签发永久禁令以执行和保护协议当事人的权利,如果采取此种救济公正且便利(The subject matter and relief sought in the Arbitration may overlap with the subject matter and relief sought in the OS, but appropriate relief such as a declaration of breach and apermanent injunction to enforce and protect the rights of the parties to an agreement may and should be granted by the Court, if it is just and convenient to do so)。
在本案中,Elan没有否认《主协议》的存在和效力,法院无法看出为何由仲裁庭处理原告所寻求的救济更为合适。Elan也没有提出其他充分理由,解释为何法院不应作出宣告和禁令。因此,法院驳回了Elan基于《仲裁条例》第45(4)条提出的关于不应发出宣告及禁令的论点。
3. 无理取闹和压迫性的法律程序
法院赞同原告方的观点认为,无论如何,山东的诉讼是压迫性的、无理取闹的,目的在于阻挠仲裁,对原告施加压力。Elan不否认它与SPA是《主协议》的当事人并受该协议约束。事实证明,Elan在山东诉讼中对原告提出的请求,显然与Elan在《主协议》项下与SPA的商业关系和交易有关。在Elan参与仲裁之后,没有很好的解释启动和继续山东诉讼的必要性。即使Elan所提出的请求在性质上是侵权请求,显然属于《主协议》第13条的范围,Elan所声称的因标识重塑遭受的损害可以以违反《主协议》为由在仲裁中提出。(I accept the submissions made by Leading Counsel on behalf of the Plaintiffs, that in any event, the Shandong Proceedings are oppressive, vexatious, brought for the purpose of frustrating and obstructing the Arbitration and to exert pressure on the Plaintiffs. Elan does not dispute that it is a party to the MA with SPA, and that it is bound thereby. On the facts, the claims made by Elan against the Plaintiffs in the Shandong Proceedings clearly relate to and arise out of its commercial relationship and dealings with SPA under the MA, and the parties’ dispute thereunder in relation to Elan’s sale of the Products bearing the relevant Armani Marks. There is no good explanation to justify the need to commence and pursue the Shandong Proceedings, after the Arbitration was commenced, and after Elan had participated in the Arbitration. The claims made by Elan, even if tortious in nature, clearly fall within the ambit of clause 13 of the MA, and the damages alleged to have been suffered by Elan as a result of the Rebranding can be made and pursued in the Arbitration, on the basis of the alleged breach of the MA.)
山东法院是否根据中国法具有管辖权对Elan的侵权请求作出决定与本案无关。本案的根本问题在于,既然Elan已经同意了仲裁条款,则不得启动任何其他管辖权。(Whether the Shandong Court has jurisdiction under PRC law to determine the tortious claims made by Elan is not relevant, when the essential question is that since Elan had agreed to the arbitration clause, it should not be allowed to invoke any other jurisdiction.)(参见Tamil Nadu Electricity Board v ST-CMS Electric Company Private Ltd [2007] EWHC 1713 (Comm)案和OT Africa Line Ltd v Magic Sportswear Corporation & Ors [2005] EWCA Civ 710案)。无论如何,山东法院在其作出的裁定中已经认定当事人之间的争议属于合同性质,而非侵权性质,并在审查Elan所指控的事实后支持了管辖权异议。
法院认为,Elan在大陆提起山东诉讼,是无理取闹地试图避开仲裁协议,并就相同事项启动平行程序使原告承担重复费用并对其造成不便。法院没有理由允许Elan在大陆对SPA及其关联方提出请求,如果此种请求属于《主协议》仲裁条款范围。(In my view, the steps taken by Elanon the Mainland by instituting the Shangdong Proceedings against SPA and extending the claims to Shanghai, HK and GA all of which are closely associated, are vexatious attempts to bypass the arbitration agreement, and to subject the Plaintiffs to duplicative costs and inconvenience in parallel proceedings on the same issues. It would be unconscionable for this Court to allow Elan to pursue its claims against SPA and its associates on the Mainland, when such claims fall within the scope of the arbitration clause in the MA.)
综上所述,法院宣布Elan在山东提起诉讼的行为违反《主协议》及仲裁条款,准予签发永久禁诉令,并批准临时措施直到仲裁庭作出最终决定或下达进一步命令。
三、评论
本案涉及两个争议事项:一是作为关联方的Shanghai、HK和 GA是否是协议当事人;二是法院是否应当采取临时措施。
对于第一个争议事项,法院认为,涉案协议明确SPA“及其关联方”为一方当事人,《主协议》中对“关联方”的宽泛定义足以将SPA全资拥有的HK,HK全资拥有的Shanghai以及控制SPA董事会和管理层的GA包括在内。因此,Shanghai、HK和 GA以及“关联方”定义范围内的其他实体均是《主协议》的当事人。即使这些关联方没有签署《主协议》,另一方当事人Eland也不得对其提起诉讼,只能根据《主协议》中的仲裁条款,将由涉案协议产生或与之有关的争议提交仲裁。另外,在解释包括仲裁条款在内的合同时应当假定,作为理性商人的当事人很可能打算将因其达成的关系所引起的任何争议提交给同一仲裁庭决定,除非所采用的语言明确表明当事人有意将某些问题排除在仲裁员的管辖之外。因此,在解释《主协议》及其仲裁条款时应假定,作为理性的商人,当事人已将在大陆供应、销售和分销带有阿玛尼标识的产品有关的所有此类争议,提交给同一法庭解决,即在香港通过仲裁解决。
对于第二个争议事项,法院认为,无论是根据《高等法院条例》第21L条或行使法院的固有管辖权,法院都有权签发禁诉令。《仲裁条例》第45(4)条规定:“原讼法庭可基于以下理由,拒绝根据第(2)款批给临时措施:(a)所寻求的临时措施,在当时是仲裁程序的标的;及(b)原讼法庭认为,由仲裁庭处理所寻求的临时措施,更为适当。”将该条适用到本案中可知:第一,本案原告所寻求的临时措施并非仲裁程序的标的,故不满足(a)项要求;第二,法院不认为本案请求由仲裁庭处理更为适当,故不满足(b)项要求;第三,该条明确在满足(a)、(b)项要求的情况下,法院“可以”拒绝批给临时措施,而非“应当”拒绝批给临时措施。考虑到采取救济公正且便利,法院支持了原告的申请。