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瑞典法院判决SCC快速仲裁中不开庭审理不违反公共秩序,不违反正当程序

2012224日,在The Svea Courtof Appeal (Case No. T6238-10, 24 February2012)一案中,瑞典的斯韦亚上诉法院裁定,当仲裁员适用了斯德哥尔摩商会(SCC)《快速仲裁规则》以及当事各方商定的准据法而决定不对仲裁案件开庭审理时,其不开庭审理的决定与程序适用的仲裁规则并不矛盾,并驳回了撤销裁决申请。本案是快速裁决这一制度的典型案例之一,为联合国贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)制定快速规则时被讨论。

 

一、背景介绍

基于Rual TradeViva Trade L.L.C之间于2003年达成的合同关系,产生了一个仲裁裁决,裁定Viva Trade L.L.C.Rual Trade支付一定金额。 Viva Trade L.L.C.不履行仲裁裁决规定的义务,因此Rual Trade申请在美国威斯康星州执行仲裁裁决。

 

20094月,Rual Trade一方与Viva Trade L.L.C.,本案申请人(RR),本案被申请人(VR)Ukio BankoInvesticiné Grupé UAB一起作为另一方签订了和解协议。和解协议列明:

This Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release (the “Agreement”) is made and entered into by and between Rual Trade Ltd. (“Rual”), Plaintiff, Viva Trade LLC (“Viva”), [RR], [VR](collectively “the [R’s]”) and Ukio Bankas Investiciné Group (“UBIG”),Defendants.

本《和解和相互索赔免除协议》(以下简称协议)是由Rual Trade Ltd.(以下简称“ Rual”)为原告,Viva Trade LLC(以下简称“ Viva”),[RR][VR] (统称为“ [R’s]”)和Ukio Bankas InvesticinéGroup“UBIG”)为被告之间签订的。

 

关于支付责任,和解协议的第2.1节中规定了以下内容:

Defendants are jointly and severally liable to pay, and agree to pay or cause to be paid to the Plaintiff, the total sum of Three Million U.S. Dollars ($3,000,000.00), to be made in two installments of Five Hundred Thousand U.S. Dollars ($500,000.00) and two installments of One Million U.S. Dollars ($1,000,000.00) to Rual.

各被告负有连带赔偿责任,并同意向原告支付或被使支付总额为三百万美元(3,000,000.00美元)分两期每期五十万美元(500,000.00美元),以及向Rual分两期每期支付一百万美元($ 1,000,000.00)。

 

该协议还涉及争议解决以及争议解决的适用法律。协议4.1条规定如下:

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, or the breach,termination or invalidity thereof, shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules for Expedited Arbitrations of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The seat of the arbitration shall be Stockholm, Sweden. The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English. This Settlement Agreement shall be governed by the substantive law of the State of New York, without reference to choice of law rules.

由本协议或其违反、终止、或无效而产生的或与之相关的任何争议、争端、或主张,应最终根据斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院的快速仲裁规则通过仲裁解决。仲裁地点为瑞典斯德哥尔摩。仲裁程序中使用的语言应为英语。本和解协议应受纽约州实体法的管辖,不涉及法律选择规则。

 

之后仅第2.1节中列出的第一期款项获得了支付。结果Rual Trade请求SCC进行快速仲裁,被申请人为Viva RR, VR, Ukio Bankas Investiciné GroupRual Trade主张请求他们根据和解协议向Rual Trade支付欠款。SCC任命E先生为仲裁员。

 

在双方提交其抗辩声明之前,仲裁员做出了一项程序决定《第1号程序决定》。该决定在开庭标题下提供了以下内容。

A hearing willonly be held if requested by a party and deemed necessary by the Arbitrator (Article 27 SCC-Rules). Otherwise the decision will be rendered by written procedure.

仅在当事方请求且仲裁员认为有必要的情况下才开庭审理(《SCC规则》第27条)。否则将通过书面程序做出决定。

 

Viva Trade L.L.C. 在呈请中承认责任,但其他三方反对承担责任,并一并提交三者的证人证言(Ukio Banko为其董事之一的M女士)并请求开庭审理,且在庭审上提交书面证人证词的证人应出庭发言。

 

仲裁员的《第4号程序决定》拒绝了被各申请人的证人证言和证人出庭的请求,其理由包括:

3)根据SCC快速仲裁规则第27条第1款(以下简称规则),如果一方提出请求,并且仲裁员认为有必要,将开庭审理。但是,仲裁庭在仔细考虑了当事方迄今为止提出的呈请(尤其是《证人声明》)之后,……认为没有必要进行口头庭审和传召证人以最终解决争议。 [—]

(3) According to Art. 27 para. l of the Rules for Expedited Arbitrations of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (the “Rules”) a hearing will be held if requested by a party and deemed necessary by the Arbitrator. However,the Arbitral Tribunal, after carefully considering the hitherto existing submissions of the Parties and in particular the Witness Statements ... [d]oes not think it necessary to call for an oral hearing and to summon witnesses inorder to finally resolve the dispute. [—]

 

在上诉之前的当事人的申请:

RRVR,以及Ukio Banko Investiciné Grupé UAB提请原判法院宣布该仲裁裁决无效,或针对RRVR以及Ukio Banko Investiciné Grupé UAB撤销仲裁裁决。Rual Trade LimitedRual Trade)申请驳回申请人的请求。

 

RRVR,以及Ukio Banko Investiciné Grupé UAB的理由:

1、他们主张根据《瑞典仲裁法》(SFS 1999116)第33条第1款第2项,仲裁裁决无效,因为仲裁员《第4号程序决定》侵犯了他们要求开庭审理的请求,显然违反了瑞典法律的基本原则(公序秩序)。另外,他们主张仲裁员拒绝开庭的决定包含属于侵害正当程序,这可能会影响案件的结果。因此,根据瑞典《仲裁法》第34条第1款第6项,应撤销仲裁裁决。

2、仲裁员在不举行庭审的决定中,强调了根据纽约州法律(和解协议中约定的准据法)禁止任何超出双方书面协议的证据(口头证据排除规则)对RRVR,以及Ukio Banko Investiciné Grupé UAB的后果。由于他们三者只有口头证据,但他们被禁止引用任何签订和解协议时的证据来支持他们的主张。他们的责任应仅在Viva Trade L.L.C.破产后生效。仲裁员处理该问题的方式不符合SCC的快速仲裁规则或公共秩序。

 

Rual Trade的理由:

1、仲裁员决定不举行庭审并拒绝口头证据并不违反公共秩序。此外,没有发生程序错误。即便发生了程序错误,这也不会影响案件的结果。

2、仲裁员有权自主决定是否举行庭审。当事人无权请求快速仲裁中有庭审。

3、该问题仅由仲裁员决定。仲裁员在《第4号程序决定》中得出结论不需要口头证据。

 

证据

Ukio Banko等人已请求自身(Ukio BankoM女士)出庭在上诉法院为撤裁申请作证,为他们在仲裁程序中的主张以及订立和解协议的情况作证,以证明他们若仲裁程序中出庭作证则会取得相反结果。

Rual Trade引用了书面证据。

 

二、法院认定

上诉法院决定的问题主要是Ukio Banko等人被拒绝给予庭审听取证人意见是否导致仲裁裁决显然违反了瑞典法律的基本原则,或者至少违反正当程序。

 

法院认为,仲裁程序与法院程序的不同之处在于,除其他一些别的理由外,是由当事方自己选择解决他们争议的人。仲裁员不受集中性,即时性和口头性原则的约束。背离这些原则的可能性意味着可以简化程序以根据争端的性质和当事方的意愿进行量身定制的仲裁(见政府法案1998/9935p. 141 f.)。此外,集中性,即时性和口头性原则在法院审理过程中也已经软化(除其他外,见《政府法案2004/05131》,p. 80 ff.)。(Arbitration proceedings are different from court proceedings in that, amongst other things, the parties themselves choose who shall settle their dispute. The arbitrator is further not bound by the principles of concentration, immediacy and orality. The possibility to deviate from these principles means that the proceedings can be streamlined and tailored to the nature of the dispute and the wishes of the parties (see Government Bill1998/99:35, p. 40 f.). Further, the rigidity of these principles has beens oftened also for civil disputes before public courts (see, amongst other things, Government Bill 2004/05:131, p. 80 ff.).

 

关于因公共秩序而产生的仲裁裁决无效的规定的立法文件举例说明了基于博彩或犯罪活动的主张,出于犯罪活动命令当事人进行非法诉讼或仲裁的裁决(根据该裁决,当事方被命令进行非法诉讼或提供仲裁裁决),例如威胁或贿赂仲裁员(《 1998/99年政府法案》,p. 141 f.)。此外,在传统上公共秩序原则在瑞典解释的很狭窄,并且《瑞典仲裁法》第33条第1款第2项所列的规定极少适用(op。同上,p. 234)。(The preparatory works for the provision on invalidity of arbitral awards due to ordre public provides as examples claims based on betting or criminal activity, an arbitral award whereby a party is ordered to carry out an action that is unlawful, or arbitral awards rendered as a result of criminal activity, such as threats or bribery of an arbitrator (Government Bill 1998/99:35, p. 141 f.). Further, itis provided that the provision on ordre public is traditionally interpreted to an arrow scope in Sweden and that the provision set out in item 2 of the first paragraph of Section 33 of the Swedish Arbitration Act ought to be applied exceedingly rarely (op. cit., p. 234).

 

关于违反正当程序,这与实际程序中的错误有关。因此,仲裁员错误地决定实体问题不是程序错误。如果仲裁员错误地拒绝了举证,这构成程序上的错误,并可能受到异议(Lars Heuman,Skiljemannarätt, 1999, p. 586)。(As regards procedural errors, it should be noted that these relate to errors in the actual proceedings. That the arbitrator decides an issue on the merits incorrectly is consequently not a procedural error. In the event that an arbitrator has incorrectly disallowed evidence, this would comprise a procedural error subject to challenge proceedings (Lars Heuman, Skiljemannarätt, 1999, p. 586).

 

在本案中,当事各方通过和解协议(由授权代表代表)同意,与和解有关的可能纠纷应根据SCC的快速仲裁规则解决。本规则第27条第1款规定,若当事方的请求开庭审理,且仲裁员认为有必要开庭的,则需要开庭审理。此外,当事各方在和解协议中同意,纽约州的实体法应适用于此争议。该法律有一条规则规定,若除当事人的书面协议完全适用时,则除该协议外不得采用其他证据(口头证据排除规则)。Ukio Banko等人在签订和解协议时已知晓和接受本情况。(In the present case, the parties have through the settlement agreement – while represented by authorized representatives – agreed that possible disputes related to the settlement shall be resolved under the Expedited Rules for Arbitration of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. Article 27(1) of these rules provides that a hearing shall be held, if requested by a party and the arbitrator deems a hearing necessary. Further, the parties agreed in the settlement that the substantive laws of the State of New York shall apply to such disputes. That law provides a rule whereby, when fully applicable, no evidence other than the parties’ written agreement is permissible and may be considered (the parol evidence rule). These are circumstances that were known and accepted by Ukio Banko et al. when they entered the settlement agreement.

 

仲裁员在处理案件时,采用了仲裁程序中的当事人自己同意的规则。仲裁员适用的程序规则及其适用方式对于瑞典法律而言并不陌生。此外,上诉法院不能认定仲裁员不举行庭审或不允许被请求的证人的决定违反SCC快速仲裁规则。(When dealing with the case, the arbitrator applied the rules that the parties in the arbitration proceedings had themselves had agreed upon. The procedural rules applied by the arbitrator, as well as the manner in which he applied them, are not themselvesun known to Swedish law. Further, the Court of Appeal cannot conclude that the decision of the arbitrator to not hold a hearing or to not allow the requested witnesses breached the Rules for Expedited Arbitration of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce.

 

因此,上诉法院认为,在仲裁程序中的该情况不违反瑞典法律的基本原则,也不构成违反正当程序。因此Ukio Banko等人引用的口头证据与本案无关。(Thus, the Court of Appeal finds that what transpired during the arbitration proceedings does not breach fundamental principles of Swedish law or comprises a procedural error.Upon this conclusion, the oral evidence referenced by Ukio Banko et al. in the present case is irrelevant. )上诉法院驳回申请人的请求。

 

三、评论

从法院的判决中可以得到的启示是,瑞典法院充分支持仲裁程序的自治性,在本国法律较为支持快速仲裁的操作和执行,并给予仲裁员较大的程序自由。因此,在瑞典本身狭窄的公共秩序和违反正当程序的解释和适用的背景下,对裁决的异议较难成功。在本案中,适用规则的规定是需要当事方的请求开庭审理,且仲裁员认为有必要开庭的,才得开庭审理;不仅如此,本案准据法纽约法中有口头证据排除规则,因此在判断合同内容上鉴于该准据法而不开庭审理也就成了可以接受的理由。因此,我们在选择仲裁地以及合同的实体准据法的时候需要特别当心,若准据法有类似口头证据排除规则的,仲裁法和仲裁规则也对仲裁员权限有较大授权的,则不开庭审理而得出的裁决很难被推翻。