2019年9月16日,在Oil Industry Development Board. v. Gorej & Boyce Mfg Co Ltd.一案中,原告根据1996年《印度仲裁与调解法》(以下简称“《仲裁法》”)第34条对仲裁裁决提出异议。印度德里高等法院(以下简称法院)经审理后认定,仲裁员关于工程延期应归咎于哪一方当事人的认定是基于记录在案的文件和证据而作出的事实认定。该认定不能被认为明显违法或如此反常以至于能够得出结论认为任何理性的仲裁员都不可能得出这样的结论,故法院不能对该认定进行干涉。另外,法院认为,仲裁程序的被申请人可以选择向仲裁程序的申请人发送通知提出反请求并诉诸于独立的仲裁程序,或选择在仲裁程序进行期间通过反请求提出争议。在本案中,仲裁员以反请求未在仲裁程序开始时提出为由予以驳回缺乏依据,故仲裁庭就反请求作出的这部分裁决应予以撤销。因此,法院部分支持了原告对裁决提出的异议。
一、案情介绍
本案中,原告(仲裁程序的被申请人)Oil Industry Development Board是根据印度1974年《石油工业发展法》设立的石油工业发展机构,主要从事石油天然气的开发等。被告(仲裁程序的申请人)Gorej & Boyce Mfg Co Ltd.是根据印度1956年《公司法》设立的一家注册公司。
原告就其在Noida(诺伊达)设立的石油发展办公室的内部工程及电力设施进行招标,被告中标,并于2008年6月4日签订承诺函(Letter ofAcceptance)。根据合同,双方约定被告应于承诺函签订之日起30周内完成工程任务,并提供相当于合同标的10%的银行保函作为保证金,但最终被告迟延了35周完成合同约定的任务。原告认为工期的延迟应当完全归咎于被告(substantial delay was attributable to the respondent)。因此,原告根据《合同通用条款》第21条第1款承兑了被告方提供的价值为51,78,361卢比的银行保函,并扣除了价值为7,63,316卢比的余款。
针对原告的行为,被告依据《合同通用条款》第82条第1款,将双方的争议提交仲裁庭解决,并指定了一名仲裁员解决该争议。
2012年1月30日,仲裁庭对争议作出仲裁裁决,认为原告和被告对工程的延期均负有责任(the delay was on part of both the parties),原告对被告违约金的扣除没有法律依据,因此支持了被告的仲裁请求。对于原告提出的反请求,仲裁员仅以反请求未在仲裁程序开始时提出为由予以驳回。原告不服,向印度德里高院提出了仲裁异议,请求撤销仲裁裁决。
二、当事人观点
(1)原告的主张
首先,原告认为其已于2008年6月14日至2009年1月14日将最终的施工许可图交于被告,被告应于2009年2月28日之前完成工程任务。故该工程36周的迟延完全归咎于被告(the delay of 36 weeks beyond 28.2.2009 was solely attributable to the respondent)。
其次,原告认为,最终的施工许可图仅做了小范围的修改,与原工程的范围没有区别。而且这部分的修改也并未计入到合同的最终价款中,因此,工期的迟延完全是被告一方的责任,原告可以根据合同条款扣除被告的违约金(the petitioner was entitled to levy the liquidated damages as per the contract terms)。
最后,原告对于仲裁员驳回其反请求的申请提出异议,认为在仲裁程序前通知申请人其已提出反请求并非反请求成立的前提条件(he submits that notice of a counter claim to a claimant is never a pre-condition. In fact, a counter-claim is filed only after the statement of claim is filed)。故根据《仲裁法》第2条第9款,原告主张仲裁裁决明显违法,该裁决应当被撤销。
(2)被告的抗辩
首先,被告认为,其在原告提交初步的施工图之后便开始施工,而原告迟延交付最终的施工许可图,使得被告不得对部分场地进行施工。除此之外,被告多次向原告索要最终的施工许可图,原告均未按时提供。因此,原告于2009年7月2日才交付施工许可图的行为构成违约。另外,原告提供的最终施工许可图并非与原范围无异,而是做了大量修改,根据《合同通用条款》第53条第a款,合同的变更和修改是原始合同的一部分,原告不能主张其修改未超出原施工图的范围(it cannot be contended by the petitioner that the drawings given on 2.7.2009 were beyond the scope of the original work)。因此,工期的迟延应当归属原被告双方。
其次,被告指出,原告未在仲裁程序开始之前未向其发送任何反请求的通知(there was not a whisper of these claims by the petitioner in any of its communications prior to the commencement of Arbitration proceedings),故仲裁员驳回其反请求完全合法,而对于仲裁案件而言,仲裁员是争端的唯一裁决者,只有其有权对相关事实的认定以及法律的适用进行裁决,法院不可进行干涉。
三、法院认定
针对双方当事人的诉讼主张,法院作出如下认定。
首先,关于工程延期的责任认定问题,法院认为,被告在仲裁中已提供了大量证据证明其已多次向原告索要最终的施工许可图、选址等,但原告均未按时移交(the respondent had been able to prove through various meetings and letters that they had repeatedly requested for providing clear site to enable them to carry out the project which was relating to the interior works, but the petitioner failed to give the clear site on time)。由于原告在交付施工图上的迟延以及被告在动员和雇佣劳动力上的迟延,使得工程未按期完成,这一责任应当归属于原被告双方(there was a delay on part of both the parties as the petitioner was responsible for the delay in providing the drawings, materials and clear site, while the respondent was responsible for delay in mobilization, getting labour, etc.)。法院认为,仲裁庭基于其面前的诉请和证据认定双方当事人对工程的迟延负同等责任,法院不得根据《仲裁法》第34条对该事实认定进行干涉(In my view, the finding that both parties are equally responsible for delay is a finding of fact arrived at by the learned Arbitrator based on pleadings and evidence led before it and cannot be interfered with under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act)。
根据《仲裁法》第34条第2款第b项,仲裁裁决只有在严重违反(a)印度法律的基本原则;(b)印度的国家利益;(c)道德和公正;(d)明显违法时,才可以对仲裁裁决进行干涉(Section 34(2)(b) of the Act has clearly laid down the principles on which the Courts can interfere in an Arbitral Award under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 which are broadly summed up as under: (a) Fundamental policy of Indian Law; or (b) Interest of India; or (c)Justice or Morality; or (d) Patent Illegality)。Associate Builders Vs.DDA (2015) 3 SCC 49案和Mc Dermott InternationalInc. Vs. Burn Standard Co. Ltd and Ors, (2006) 11 SCC 181案都对上述原则进行了阐述。除此之外,最高法院在Associate Builders (supra)案中明确表示,仲裁员是对证据数量和质量作出判断的唯一裁决者,法院通常不得对纯事实认定进行干涉(The Apex Court in Associate Builders (supra) has clearly held that the Arbitrator is the sole Judge of quantity and quality of evidence before him and the Courts should generally refrain in interfering with a pure finding of fact)。法院可以基于案件事实认为仲裁员的认定不公正或存在其他观点,但对于裁决异议,法院不能以其自身的观点代替,无论其观点多么有道理(The Court may, on the facts of a given case, come to a conclusion that the finding of the Arbitrator is unjust or possibly there was another view, but the Court in a challenge to an Award cannot substitute its own view, however plausible it may be)。
在本案中,仲裁员关于工程延期是应归咎于哪一方当事人的认定是基于记录在案的文件和证据而作出的事实认定。仲裁员认为双方当事人都应对工程延期负责,该认定不能被认为明显违法或如此反常以至于能够得出结论认为任何理性的仲裁员都不可能得出这样的结论(Whether the delay was on account of the petitioner or the respondent is a finding of fact arrived at by the learned Arbitrator based on documents and evidence on record. The finding of the learned Arbitrator that both parties were responsible for delay is not a finding which can be said to be patently illegal or so perverse, as to reach a conclusion that no reasonable minded Arbitrator could have arrived at such afinding)。
因此,法院认为,原告就被告已获仲裁员支持的请求所提出的理由缺乏根据,这部分裁决应予以维持,原告在此范围内提出的申请应予以驳回(Therefore, in my view,the grounds taken by the petitioner, as regards the claims of the respondent which have been allowed by the learned Arbitrator have no merit and this part of the Award is upheld. Present petition is thus dismissed to this extent)。
此外,关于原告提出的裁决未经推理的论点,法院表示存在如下毫无争议的法律立场,即仲裁员须就其作出的认定提供理由。《仲裁法》第31(3)条明确规定了仲裁员就其所作认定提供理由的要求。最高法院在Som Dutt Builders Vs. State of Kerela (2009) 10 SCC 259案中裁定,根据《仲裁法》第31(3)条提供理由并不会落入空洞的结局,该要求能够确保仲裁庭对争议进行公正合法的考虑(the giving of reasons under Section 31(3) of the Act is not an empty finality. It guarantees fair and legitimate consideration of the controversy by the Arbitral Tribunal)。的确,人们并不期望仲裁庭像法院那样作出判决或提供非常详细的理由,但仅仅注意到当事人提交的意见或提及某些文件并不能代替理由。无论多么简短,都必须在裁决中说明理由,因为这将反映导致特定结论的思想过程。在缺乏理由的情况下,这个裁决在法律上是有缺陷的。(It is true that the Tribunal is not expected to write a judgment like a Court or give very elaborate reasons, but merely noticing the submission of the parties or referring to some documents is no substitute for reasons. Howsoever brief they may be, reasons must be indicated in the Award, as this would reflect the thought process leading to a particular conclusion. In the absence of reasons,the Award would be legally flawed.)
根据《仲裁法》第31(3)条和上述法律的规定,法院对涉案裁决进行审议并认为,仲裁员已就被告的各项请求都提供了一些理由以得出如下结论,即双方当事人对于工程延误均有过错(In the light of the said law and Section 31(3) of the Act, I have examined the impugned Award. I find that with respect to each of the claims of the respondent the learned Arbitrator has given some reasoning for arriving at a conclusion that both the parties were at fault due to which the work got delayed)。法院认为,细度仲裁员的推理清楚地反映出仲裁员在得出上述结论时的思想,故不能认为涉案裁决是一个未经推理的裁决。因此,原告提出的裁决未经推理的论点被法院驳回(The learned Arbitrator has given 'reasons' for arriving at the conclusion that the delay was also on part of the petitioner and which I have extracted above. A perusal of the reasoning clearly reflects the mind of the learned Arbitrator in arriving at the said conclusion and in my opinion, it cannot be argued that the impugned Award is an unreasoned Award. This contention of the petitioner, thus, deserves to be rejected)。
关于原告在仲裁程序中提出的反请求,仲裁员仅以原告未在仲裁程序开始时提出该请求为由予以驳回。原告对此提出异议。对此,法院援引最高法院在State of Goa Vs. Praveen Enterprises (2012) 12 SCC 581案中的观点,该案法院明确裁定就提出反请求而言,当事人没有必要在仲裁程序开始前向另一方当事人提出此种请求或发送启动仲裁的通知(the Apex Court has clearly held that for raising a counter-claim it is not essential that the party must raise such a claim before the other party, prior to the arbitration proceedings or issue anotice invoking arbitration)。反请求本身就是在一方当事人提出请求的同时,另一方当事人在答辩时提出另一个独立的请求(the counter claim itself envisages filing of a claimby one party to which the other party along with its replay files a counterclaim)。本案法院在Escorts Ltd. Vs. Knoor Bremsa(2007) SCC Online Del1541案和 Gokul Projects Vs. Cyclone Entergy P. Ltd. (2018) SCC Online Del 11814中也作出了上诉裁定。如最高法院在State of Goa (supra)案中所言,提交反请求的目的是为了避免程序的竞合和不同的认定(As held by the Apex Court in, the object of providing counter claims is to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and divergent findings)。因此,仲裁程序的被申请人可以选择向仲裁程序的申请人发送通知提出争议(反请求),然后诉诸于独立的仲裁程序,或选择在仲裁程序进行期间通过反请求提出争议。在这点上,法院援引了BSNLVs. Ribacom P. Ltd.(2017) SCC Online Del 11860 案的判决以支持其观点。
因此,法院支持了原告就其反请求被驳回而提出的异议,并裁定撤销仲裁员作出的关于拒绝审理原告反请求的这部分裁决。
综上所述,法院部分支持了原告的申请,部分撤销了仲裁裁决。具体而言,法院维持了仲裁裁决中关于支持被告(仲裁申请人)请求的那部分裁决,并撤销了仲裁裁决中关于驳回原告(仲裁被申请人)反请求的那部分裁决。
四、总结
根据《仲裁法》第34条第2款第a项,仲裁裁决只有在严重违反(a)印度法律的基本原则;(b)印度的国家利益;(c)道德和公正;(d)明显违法时,才可以对仲裁裁决进行干涉。在本案中,原告基于以下异议理由认为仲裁庭明显违法:(1)工程延期应归咎于哪一方当事人的认定有误;(2)仲裁裁决未经推理;(3)仅以反请求未在仲裁程序开始时提出为由予以驳回。
对于第一个理由,法院在本案中重申,仲裁员关于工程延期应归咎于哪一方当事人的认定是基于记录在案的文件和证据而作出的事实认定。由于仲裁庭的该认定没有明显违法或如此反常以至于能够得出结论认为任何理性的仲裁员都不可能得出这样的结论,故法院不能对该认定进行干涉。
对于第二个理由,根据《仲裁法》第31(3)条和相关判例的观点,毫无疑问,仲裁庭仲裁员须就其作出的认定提供理由。人们并不期望仲裁庭像法院那样作出判决或提供非常详细的理由,但仅仅注意到当事人提交的意见或提及某些文件并不能代替理由。无论多么简短,仲裁员都必须在裁决中说明理由,因为这将反映导致特定结论的思想过程。在缺乏理由的情况下,这个裁决在法律上是有缺陷的。在本案中,法院认为,细度仲裁员的推理清楚地反映出仲裁员在得出上述结论时的思想,故不能认为涉案裁决是一个未经推理的裁决。因此,原告提出的裁决未经推理的论点被法院驳回。
对于第三个理由,法院认为,仲裁程序的被申请人可以选择向仲裁程序的申请人发送通知提出反请求并诉诸于独立的仲裁程序,或选择在仲裁程序进行期间通过反请求提出争议。在本案中,仲裁员以反请求未在仲裁程序开始时提出为由予以驳回缺乏依据,故仲裁庭就反请求作出的这部分裁决应予以撤销。