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美国法院以仲裁裁决前后不一致为由将案件发回(美国案例)

2019516日,在Robin Weiss and Andrew Schausv Sallie Mae, Incorporated, Docket No. 18-2362一案中,美国第二巡回高等法院(以下简称法院)认为,鉴于仲裁员所作的决定前后不一致,法院决定撤销地区法院的命令,并将案件发回地区法院,以指示仲裁员澄清涉案通知(将集团诉讼中达成的和解协议通知集团诉讼的成员)是否足够充分,如果已得到充分通知,还需在初审中对和解协议中的一般豁免条款作出解释,并在必要时撤销或变更裁决(We therefore vacate the decision and order of the district court and remand the case to provide an opportunity for the district court to require the arbitrator to clarify whether he intended to deem the class notice sufficient and, if determined to be sufficient, to construe the general release in the first instance and vacate or modify the award as necessary)。

一、背景介绍

2008年,WeissSallie Mae(现在的Navient Solutions,LLC,简称NSL)申请学生贷款。自20119月起,Sallie Mae为收回未偿还贷款,通过自动电话拨号系统每日多次向Weiss拨打催收电话。2013年,Weiss根据《电话消费者保护法》(以下简称TCPA),以Sallie Mae非法使用自动电话拨号系统为由向Sallie Mae提起诉讼。根据学生贷款借据中的仲裁条款,诉讼程序被中止以移交仲裁。

仲裁员根据TCPA裁定Sallie MaeWeiss支付108500美元的损害赔偿,但同时认为Weiss是另一起针对Sallie Mae的集团诉讼的一员(该集团诉讼以和解告终,和解协议中包含一般豁免条款,禁止集团成员对Sallie Mae及其继任者提起TCPA索赔),且Weiss已得到关于和解协议条款的充分通知

2018713日,纽约西区地方法院作出一项命令批准了Sallie Mae的动议,基于仲裁员未能在和解协议中适用能够禁止Weiss所有主张的一般性豁免条款,撤销了仲裁裁决。

Weiss对上述命令提出上诉。

二、法院认定

1.审查标准

《联邦仲裁法》第10a)(4)条规定了联邦地区法院撤销仲裁裁决的四个理由。其中一个理由是“当仲裁员超越权限或不完全地行使权限,以致未能就所提交的事项作出共同的、终局的和明确的裁决”(The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides four bases upon which a federal district court may vacate an arbitration award. One of these grounds permits vacatur “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4))。最高法院在Oxford Health PlansLLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564, 569 (2013)案中将第10a)(4)条解释为“无论法院对是非曲直的看法如何,即使仲裁决定在解释或适用合同上存在争论,该仲裁决定仍然成立”(The Supreme Court has interpreted section 10(a)(4) as requiring that “an arbitral decision even arguably construing or applying the contract must stand, regardless of a court’s view of its (de)merits”)。

另外,第二巡回法院(本案法院)在Schwartz v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 665 F.3d 444, 451(2d Cir. 2011)案中认为,法院可撤销明显无视法律作出的仲裁裁决,其中包括“仲裁员的裁决明显无视当事人相关协议的条款”(this Court has “held that the court may set aside an arbitration award if it was rendered in manifest disregard of the law.”This inquiry encompasses situations “where the arbitrator’s award is in manifest disregard of the terms of the [parties’ relevant] agreement.”)。根据先前判例,目前尚不清楚“明显无视法律”是作为独立的法律依据还是作为司法解释适用。但是,第二巡回法院已经得出结论认为,不论是作为司法解释还是作为独立的法律依据,明显无视法律仍然是撤销仲裁裁决的有效理由But because this Court has “concluded that manifest disregard remains a valid ground for vacating arbitration awards” whether applied as judicial gloss or as an independent basis

法院审查了地区法院对“明显无视法律”标准的适用。在T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe &Supply, Inc., 592 F.3d 329, 339 (2d Cir. 2010) 案中,该案法院认为“当事人以明显无视法律为由请求撤销仲裁裁决须满足沉重的举证责任,只有在极其罕见的情况下,即仲裁员明显存在严重的不当行为时,才能基于明显无视法律撤销裁决A litigant seeking to vacate an arbitration award based on alleged manifest disregard of the law bears a heavy burden, as awards are vacated on grounds of manifest disregard only in those exceedingly rare instances where some egregious impropriety on the part of the arbitrator is apparent)”。在Schwartz, 665 F.3d案中,该案法院认为这一标准只要求“仲裁员为其作出的合同解释提供勉强可取的理由”(We will uphold an arbitration award under this standard so long as “the arbitrator has provided even a barely colorable justification for his or her interpretation of the contract”)。在StoltNielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 671(2010) 案中,该案法院认为只有“当仲裁员偏离了对协议的解释和应用,并实际摒弃了自己的行业公正理念时”才满足该标准。

2. 将案件发回给仲裁员是适当的

在本案中,存在一起针对Sallie Mae提起的集团诉讼,该集团诉讼以和解告终。和解协议中包含一般豁免条款,禁止集团诉讼的成员对Sallie Mae及其继任者就“自动电话拨号系统”的使用提起TCPA索赔。(The Arthur Settlement agreement contained ageneral release provision under which class members were “deemed to have fully released and forever discharged Sallie Mae” and NSL from any and all claims and causes of action, inter alia, “that arise out of or are related in any way to the use of an ‘automatic telephone dialing system’ … used by any of the Released Parties in connection with efforts to contact or attempt to contact Settlement Class Members including, but not limited to, claims under or for violations of the [TCPA].”)仲裁员认定,Weiss是该集团诉讼的成员且已得到关于和解协议条款的通知。在签订贷款合同时,Weiss同意Sallie Mae向其拨打催收电话。根据关于和解协议的通知,Weiss可以在2012915日之前提交一份文件撤回同意Sallie Mae向其拨打催收电话,如果未提交此种文件,则Sallie Mae有权继续拨打催收电话。

仲裁员认为,根据和解协议的通知,Weiss未提交撤回同意的文件意味着Weiss同意接收撤销期限截止日(2012915日)之后的自动催收电话,但此种同意不能追溯适用于在撤销期限截止日之前的自动催收电话。

Weiss基于以下两个论点支持仲裁员的上述裁定:(1)由于仲裁裁决在外观上是基于对集团通知的解释,即使仲裁员的解释有误,也不足以构成撤销裁决的充分理由。(2)集团通知的送达不满足正当程序,故Weiss不受和解协议条款的约束。

法院援引Schwartz, 665 F.3d案赞同Weiss的以下观点,即合同条款的解释属于仲裁员的职权范围,不会仅因法院不同意此种解释而被推翻。即使仲裁员认定Weiss根据集团通知有权就撤销期限截止日之前的催收电话获得赔偿,也无法得出结论认为一般性豁免条款禁止Weiss就“任何和所有”TCPA请求获得赔偿(In other words, even if the arbitrator believed that the class notice entitled Weiss to recover for ATDS calls made prior to the consent revocation deadline, it is impossible to square that conclusion with the general release provision barring Weiss’s recovery for “any and all” TCPA claims)。法院援引SeeStoltNielsen, 559 U.S案的观点认为,由于仲裁员在裁决中没有提及此种豁免,法院无法确定仲裁员是否是基于和解协议及其集团通知作出决定,或是根据自己的偏好摒弃了该协议Because the arbitrator did not even mention the release in his decision, we are unable to ascertain from the record whether the arbitrator in fact based his decision on the four corners of the Arthur Settlement agreement and its accompanying class notice, as Weiss appears to contend, or whether he instead discarded the agreement in favor of his own policy preferences)。

关于Weiss提出的关于集团通知不够充分的论点,仲裁员明确指出,尽管和解协议中有一些“令人困惑”的条款,但“证据是确凿的”,即Weiss收到了“和解协议的必要通知,以及和解协议所规定的权利和义务”。另外,如果仲裁员认为集团通知不满足正当程序,该仲裁员将根据适用的实体法,认定Weiss不受和解协议条款的约束。但是,仲裁员在关于和解协议适用的分析时并未作出此种表示,而是强烈地暗示了相反的情况。因此,法院驳回了Weiss提出的关于集团通知不够充分的论点。

综上所述,法院支持纽约西区地方法院的观点认为,仲裁员忽视了一般性豁免的明确条款,因此对Weiss的部分请求授予法定损害赔偿的裁决与仲裁员的决定(即Weiss是和解集团的一员,且已经得到和解协议条款的必要通知)不相符。由于仲裁员未对这些相互排斥的决定提供解释,法院无法确定仲裁员是否已遵守当事人仲裁协议中所要求适用的实体法,也无法确定仲裁裁决是否如地区法院所言,显然默示法律(We agree with the district court that the arbitrator ignored the unambiguous terms of the general release and therefore conclude that the award of statutory damages for a subsetof Plaintiff’s claims is irreconcilable with the arbitrator’s determination that Plaintiff was a member of the settlement class and that she received adequate notice of its terms. The arbitrator’s failure to provide an explanation for these mutually exclusive determinations renders this Court unable to ascertain whether the arbitrator adhered to applicable substantive law as required by the parties’ arbitration agreement and, consequently, whether the arbitral award was issued in manifest disregard of the law, as the district court held)。

因此,法院裁定撤销地区法院作出的撤销仲裁裁决的命令,并将案件发回地区法院,以指示仲裁员澄清涉案的集团通知是否足够充分,如果已得到充分通知,还需在初审时对和解协议中的一般豁免条款作出解释,并在必要时撤销或变更裁决(We therefore vacate the decision and order of the district court and remand the case to provide an opportunity for the district court to require the arbitrator to clarify whether he intended to deem the class notice sufficient and, if determined to be sufficient, to construe the general release in the first instance and vacate or modify the award as necessary.

三、评论

根据相关判例,明显无视法律是撤销仲裁裁决的有效理由。当事人以明显无视法律为由请求撤销仲裁裁决须满足沉重的举证责任,只有在极其罕见的情况下,即仲裁员明显存在严重的不当行为时,才能基于明显无视法律撤销裁决。

在本案中,存在一起针对Sallie Mae提起的集团诉讼,该集团诉讼以和解告终。和解协议中包含一般豁免条款,禁止集团诉讼的成员对Sallie Mae及其继任者就“自动电话拨号系统”的使用提起TCPA索赔。但是,仲裁员在裁决中丝毫没有提及和解协议中的一般豁免条款,法院无法确定仲裁员是否是基于和解协议及其集团通知作出决定,或是根据自己的偏好摒弃了该协议。该仲裁员一方面认定Weiss是该集团诉讼的成员且已得到关于和解协议条款的必要通知,另一方面又就Weiss的部分请求授予法定损害赔偿。由于仲裁员未对这些相互排斥的决定提供解释,法院无法确定仲裁员是否已遵守当事人仲裁协议中所要求适用的实体法,也无法确定仲裁裁决是否显然默示法律。因此,将案件发回初审法院,继而发回给仲裁员作出澄清是适当的。