2019年9月13日,在In Re: Remicade (Direct Purchaser) Antitrust Litigation,No. 18-3567一案中,当事双方就一方当事人制定的反竞争计划是否属于双方反垄断仲裁协议范围发生争议,对此,美国联邦第三巡回上诉法院作出认定:当事双方订立的《分销协议》约定有药物定价以及当事双方的商事关系,而本案的反垄断争议明显有关,据此,由于本案反垄断争议产生于或与协议有关,故该争议必须提交仲裁(“Here, we have no difficulty finding that RDC’s antitrust claims“relate to” the Agreement, which sets the drug prices and governs the commercial relationship between the parties.”“Accordingly, because RDC’s antitrust claims “arise out of or relate to” the Agreement, they must be arbitrated.”)。
一、案情介绍
本案上诉人Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Biotech(以下简称“强生”)为美国一家医疗保健产品、医疗器械及药厂制造商,被上诉人Rochester Drug Cooperative(以下简称“RDC”)为一家药品采购商和批发商,长期采购和批发强生生产的一种专门治疗类风湿性关节炎药品Remicade。后美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)开始批准生产Remicade替代药物,强生公司生产的该种药品的垄断地位受到威胁,为应对该情况,强生公司推出一项反竞争计划(Biosimilar Readiness Plan)。
双方于2015年签订了《分销协议》(Distribution Agreement),根据该协议,RDC为被授权的分销商,并规定强生为其分销包括Remicade药物在内的强生药品各种后勤义务。其中,第4.2条约定了“争议解决条款”:
“由本协议引起或与本协议有关的任何争议或主张,包括但不限于涉及母公司、附属公司或分销商共同控制下的附属公司之间的任何争议,须首先根据美国仲裁协会(American Arbitration Association,即“AAA”)的《商事调解程序》(Commercial MediationProcedures)提交调解…任何争议无法通过调解在45日内解决的…应将争议根据AAA《商事仲裁程序》提交至仲裁…”(“4.21 Dispute Resolution. (a)Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this agreement(including without limitation any controversy or claim involving the parentcompany, subsidiaries, or affiliates under common control of the Company or the Distributor (a “Dispute”)), shall first be submitted to mediation according to the Commercial Mediation Procedures of the American Arbitration Association(“AAA”)…(b) Any Dispute that cannot be resolved by mediation within 45 days…shall be resolved by arbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the AAA . .”)。
后双方发生争议,根据《谢尔曼法》(ShermanAct)第1条和第2条,RDC向地区法院控告了强生的反竞争行为;强生则主张根据双方仲裁条款应将争议提交至仲裁。对此,地区法院作出认定:由于RDC的反垄断主张独立于《分销协议》,故该争议不能通过仲裁协议来解决(“RDC’s antitrust claims are notarbitrable because they “are separate from, and cannot be resolved based on,”the Agreement.”)。强生不服该决定,向联邦第三巡回上诉法院提起上诉。
二、法院认定
本案核心争议为:相关反垄断争议是否属于当事双方约定的仲裁协议管辖范围?强生主张双方反垄断争议明显属于《分销协议》有关,因此受协议仲裁协议管辖。
RDC则主张,即使仲裁条款范围足够广泛,足以涵盖RDC的反垄断主张,但由于该条款不符合新泽西法的合同解释规则,即放弃宪法或法定权利中必须“明确”的原则,故这些主张仍超出了仲裁协议的范围(“that even if the arbitration provision is broad enough to encompass RDC’s antitrust claims, the claims are nonetheless outside the scope of the Agreement because the provision fails to comply with New Jersey’s rule of contractual interpretation requiring waivers of constitutional or statutory rights to be stated ‘clearly and unambiguously.’”)。
对此,美国联邦第三巡回上诉法院认定如下:
首先,根据判例Curtis v. Cellco P’ship, 992 A.2d 795, 802 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2010)可知,法院通常将“由协议产生或与合同有关”的术语解释为极为广泛的含义,即将以任何方式与合同有关争议提交至仲裁(“courts have generally read the terms ‘arising out of’ or ‘relating to’ [in] a contract as indicative of an ‘extremely broad’ agreement to arbitrate any dispute relating in any way to the contract.”);根据判例EPIX Holdings Corp. v.Marsh & McLennan Cos.,982 A.2d 1194, 1199, 1204(N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2009)(以下简称“EPIX案”),“本协定引起的任何其他未决争议”包括对据称的反竞争行为提出质疑的反垄断主张(“the phrase “[a]ny other unresolved disputes arising out of this Agreement” encompasses antitrust claims challenging allegedly anticompetitive conduct that resulted in overcharges based on the underlying contract.”)。结合本案,《协议》中的仲裁协议约定的“由本协议引起或与本协议有关的任何争议或主张”明显具有宽泛的含义,其中应当包含当事双方由于反竞争行为所引发的反垄断争议和主张。
其次,法院认为,在本案中,强生的反竞争计划使相关药品的价格抬高以出售,与双方于2015年约定《分销协议》中有关药品价格的约定密切相关,根据“EPIX案”相关结论可知,RDC的反垄断主张与《协议》不可否认地密切相关(“Thus, RDC’s antitrust claimsare “undeniably intertwined” with the Agreement because “it is the fact of [RDC’s] entry into the [Agreement] containing the allegedly inflated price . .. that gives rise to the claimed injury.”)。由此可见,RDC多主张的本案反垄断争议与《协议》不相关的主张并不成立。
最后,法院提出,RDC的反垄断主张脱离《协议》后无法存在,对于该争议的处理是,如果没有“如果没有提及并依赖于该结论”,则不能对其进行裁决(“But we are not swayed by the fact that RDC’s antitrust claims could not exist but-for the Agreement; what is dispositive is that they cannot be adjudicated without “reference to, and reliance upon,” it.”)。所以,法院认为,当事双方订立的《分销协议》约定有药物定价以及当事双方的商事关系,而本案的反垄断争议明显与其有关,据此,由于本案反垄断争议产生于或与协议有关(“Here, we have no difficulty finding that RDC’s antitrust claims“relate to” the Agreement, which sets the drug prices and governs the commercial relationship between the parties.”)。
综上可知,RDC提出的反垄断主张明显与双方签订的《分销协议》密切相关,故根据仲裁协议,该反垄断争议无可争议应当提交至仲裁,而非向法院提起诉讼,故法院最终撤销地区法院判决,并发挥重审(“For the foregoing reasons, wewill reverse the judgment of the District Court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.”)。
三、评析
在美国,反垄断争议的可仲裁性问题已不是新鲜话题。事实上,在美国联邦最高法院通过1986年的“三菱汽车案”实质上地推翻了“美国安全原则”,以及美国第十一联邦巡回法院在1997年“Kotam Electronics案”中又进一步确认了反垄断争议的可仲裁性后,通过仲裁程序解决反垄断争议已在近几十年的司法实践中得到基本确定。在本案中,RDC试图以反垄断争议的特殊性来规避双方仲裁协议的管辖,但被上诉法院以仲裁协议术语的宽泛含义予以驳回,进一步证明了美国法院对通过仲裁解决反垄断争议的支持态度。