2019年4月24日,在Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, No. 17-988, U.S. __(2019)一案中,本案当事双方就根据双方劳动合同应当进行个人仲裁还是集团仲裁发生争议,美国地区法院驳回了个人仲裁的请求,美国联邦第九巡回法院对该决定予以确认,当事人不服,向美国联邦最高法院再次提起上诉,对此,美国联邦最高法院作出认定:法院不能根据当事方之间不明确的约定推断出其同意进行集团仲裁,“不利解释原则”不能取代当事方需明确约定集团仲裁的必要合同基础(“Courts may not infer from an ambiguous agreement that parties have consented to arbitrate on a classwide basis. The doctrine of contra proferentem cannot substitute for the requisite affirmative “contractual basis for concluding that the parties agreed to class arbitration.””),故决定撤销上诉法院的判决并发回重审。
一、案情介绍
本案上诉人Lamps Plus, Inc.(以下简称“上诉人”)为一家灯具公司,被上诉人Varela(以下简称“被上诉人”)为该公司一名雇员。2016年,黑客冒充公司官员欺骗其雇员披露了公司大约1,300名职工的税务信息。
后被上诉人遇到税务欺诈,在上述信息泄露事件曝光后,被上诉人代表其余员工向加利福尼亚联邦地区法院(以下简称“地区法院”)提起针对上诉人的集团诉讼。上诉人则主张根据双方签订劳动合同中的仲裁协议,案件争议应当强制进行个人仲裁,而非以集团诉讼的方式解决争议。
对此,地区法院作出命令,同意上诉人提出的强制仲裁的请求,但驳回了其个人仲裁(Individual Arbitration)的主张,而是授权当事人以集团仲裁(Class Arbitration)的方式进行仲裁(“the District Court granted the motion to compel arbitration and dismissed Varela’s claims without prejudice. But the court rejected Lamps Plus’s request for individual arbitration, instead authorizing arbitration on a class-wide basis.”)。
上诉人不服,向美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院(以下简称“上诉法院”)提起上诉,主张地区法院错误地决定了强制集团仲裁。
二、美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院认定:根据“不利解释原则”,可强制仲裁协议当事人进行集团仲裁
上诉法院作出裁决维持了地区法院的决定,具体认定理由如下:
其一,根据判例Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U. S. 662 (2010)(以下简称“Stolt-Nielsen案”),如果仲裁协议对集团仲裁的可行性“保持沉默”,那么法院不得强制集团仲裁(“a court may not compel arbitration on a class-wide basis when an agreement is “silent” on the availability of such arbitration.”),在本案中,当事双方的仲裁协议未对集团仲裁进行明确约定,不属于“Stolt-Nielsen案”中约定对集团仲裁“保持沉默”情形,故该判例对本案并不适用(“because the fact that the agreement “does not expressly refer to class arbitration is not the ‘silence’ contemplated in Stolt-Nielsen.” Ibid. In Stolt-Nielsen, the parties had stipulated that their agreement was silent about class arbitration. Because there was no such stipulation here, the court concluded that Stolt-Nielsen was not controlling.”)。
其二,由于本案被认定为仲裁协议未明确约定的情形,根据加利福尼亚合同法规定的“不利解释原则”,即在格式合同中约定不明时合同的解释应不利于合同起草者(“The Ninth Circuit followed California law to construe the ambiguity against the drafter, a rule that “applies with peculiar force in the case of acontract of adhesion” such as this.”),在本案中,上诉人为合同起草方,故法院决定采取被上诉人关于该合同的解释,允许进行集团仲裁(“Because Lamps Plus had drafted the agreement, the court adopted Varela’s interpretation authorizing class arbitration.”)。
综上,上诉法院认定,本案仲裁当事人应当进行集团仲裁,而非个人仲裁。上诉人仍不服,向联邦最高法院再次提起上诉。
三、美国联邦最高法院认定:当事人约定不明不得进行集团仲裁
关于约定不明的协议是否构成强制集团仲裁的必要合同基础的问题,美国联邦最高院对此持否定意见,并认为集团仲裁不仅明显不同于《美国联邦仲裁法》(FAA)规定的传统个人仲裁,同时该类仲裁也不具备传统仲裁形式最为重要的优势(“Class arbitration is not only markedly different from the“traditional individualized arbitration” contemplated by the FAA, it also undermines the most important benefits of that familiar form of arbitration.”),因此,相较于约定不明的情况,集团仲裁的前提应保证当事各方事实上对此进行了明确地约定(“The statute therefore requires more than ambiguity to ensure that the parties actually agreed to arbitrate on a class-wide basis.”)。具体认定如下:
1. 关于集团仲裁与个人仲裁的根本区分
首先,最高院强调了仲裁程序当事人意思自治的重要性,根据《美国联邦仲裁法》,仲裁是当事人意思自治的产物,而非胁迫的产物(“that arbitration “is a matter of consent, not coercion.””),因此法院与仲裁员的首要任务是赋予当事各方意图效力(“Whatever they settle on, the task for courts and arbitrators at bottom remains the same: “to give effect to the intent of the parties.””)。
而将“个人仲裁”与“集团仲裁”相比较可知,二者存在“根本不同”(fundamental difference),传统意义上的个人仲裁具有低成本、高速高效以及自由选择专家裁判者来解决争议等优势,而集团仲裁除了不具备上述优势外,十分接近诉讼程序(“It sacrifices the principal ad- vantage of arbitration—its informality—and makes the process slower, more costly, and more likely to generate procedural morass than final judgment.”)。
根据判例Concepcion, 563 U. S., 349、“Stolt-Nielsen案”, 559 U. S.以及Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815,846 (1999)可知,集团仲裁不仅给当事各方带来新的风险和费用,由于原告方部分成员的缺席导致的有限司法审查,还引起了有关正当程序的重要关切(“Class arbitration not only “introduces new risks and costs for both sides,” ibid., it also raises serious due process concerns by adjudicating the rights of absent members of the plaintiff class—again, with only limited judicial review.”)。由此可见,“个人仲裁”与“集团仲裁”存在本质上的区分。
2. 关于“Stolt-Nielsen案”对本案的适用
最高院认为,“Stolt-Nielsen案”适用于本案,同“保持沉默”一样,“约定不明”同样不能构成认定仲裁协议当事方同意牺牲传统仲裁重要优势的充分基础(“Our reasoning in Stolt-Nielsen controls the question we face today.Like silence, ambiguity does not provide a sufficient basis to conclude that parties to an arbitration agreement agreed to “sacrifice[] the principal advantage of arbitration.” Concepcion, 563 U. S., at 348.”)。
考虑到“个人仲裁”与“集团仲裁”的本质区分,根据“Stolt-Nielsen案”,法院有理由怀疑当事各方是否就通过集团仲裁解决争议这一问题达成共识(“Because of these “crucial differences” between individual and class arbitration, Stolt-Nielsen explained that there is “reason to doubt the parties’ mutual consent to resolve disputes through class-wide arbitration.””)
3. 关于合同“不利解释原则”在本案的适用
根据加利福尼亚合同法可知,当合同条款解释上存在不确定情况时,基于公共政策因素以及合同各方缔约地位的考虑,应当适用“不利解释原则”(contra proferentem doctrine)。上诉法院就是根据上述原则认定,合同解释应当有利于公司职工一方以及不利于合同起草方公司一方,即双方就集团仲裁的问题上达成共识,故应当进行集团仲裁。
但是,最高法院却认为,仅由联邦法律进行规定而未经过当事各方同意的集团仲裁,其并不符合《美国联邦仲裁法》的规定(“Class arbitration, to the extent it is manufactured by state law rather than consent, is inconsistent with the FAA.”)。在本案中,美国联邦最高法院再次重申,法院可不依赖联邦合同原则使未经当事各方同意的集团仲裁来重塑传统个人仲裁(“We recently reiterated that courts may not rely on state contract principles to “reshape traditional individualized arbitration by mandating class-wide arbitration procedures without the parties’ consent.””)。
根据被上诉人以及大法官Justice Kagan提出的反对观点,上述合同解释规则具有普遍适用性(nondiscriminatory),其与《美国联邦仲裁法》并不相冲突。但是,最高院却认为,“不利解释原则”可能会干扰仲裁的基本属性,因此该规则与仲裁的一般规则相比并不具有优先性(“We have explained, however, that such an equal treatment principle cannot save from preemption general rules that target arbitration either by name or by more subtle methods, such as by interfering with fundamental attributes of arbitration.”)。而根据《美国联邦仲裁法》,当仲裁协议条款解释不明确时,其拥有其自身的默认规则,即应当进行有利于仲裁的解释(“Rather, it is consistent with a long line of cases holding that the FAA provides the default rule for resolving certain ambiguities in arbitration agreements. For example, we have repeatedly held that ambiguities about the scope of an arbitration agreement must be resolved in favor of arbitration.”)。据此,“不利解释原则”并不适用于本案。
综上,美国联邦最高院最终认定,法院不能根据当事方之间不明确的约定推断出其同意进行集团仲裁,“不利解释原则”不能取代当事方需明确约定集团仲裁的必要合同基础,故决定撤销上诉法院的判决并发回重审。
四、评析
本案事实上存在较大争议,在本案中,美国联邦最高法院九名大法官中仅有五名法官支持最终结论,另外四名大法官Ginsburg J.、Breyer J.、Kagan J.以及Sotomayor J.则分别作出“异议意见”(Dissenting Opinions)表示对本案最终结论持有异议。其中具有代表性的Ginsburg J.大法官提出,法院作出本案判决无视劳动合同中劳动者和雇佣单位之间缔约实力的差距,劳动者通常被强迫接受个人仲裁,相关的仲裁协议不利于其面临严重损害时权利的保护(“Employees and consumers forced to arbitrate solo face severe impediments to the vindication of their rights.”),因此,认定不予适用“不利解释原则”而禁止集团仲裁这一决定事实上严重偏离了“仲裁是当事人意思自治的产物,而非胁迫的产物”这一原则(“I write separately to emphasize once again how treacherously the Court has strayed from the principle that arbitration is a matter of consent,not coercion.”)。Ginsburg J.大法官的上述观点同时也得到其他几名法官的认同。由于本案的争议焦点虽然是仲裁协议的解释问题,但由于同时涉及到“集团仲裁”以及“劳动合同”等特殊情形,一味坚持尊重仲裁协议中当事人自由意志的解释是否符合公平争议的基本价值观念,还得到我们进一步反思。