2019年2月14日,在Crystallex International Corporation v Bolivarian Republic Of Venezuela, No. 17-7068一案中,根据当事人申请,地区法院决定对案涉12亿美元投资仲裁裁决予以确认,针对该判决,败诉方委内瑞拉提出上诉,对此,美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院决定维持原判,驳回上诉(“It is ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the judgment of the district court be affirmed.”)。
一、案情介绍
1996年,加拿大与委内瑞拉签订双方投资协定(BIT)。根据BIT第II(2)条和第VII(1)条,两国政府应给予双方投资者“公平与公正待遇”(fair and equitable treatment),且禁止政府对协定规定的投资活动进行非法征用(unlawfully expropriating)。其中,根据BIT第XII(5)条争议解决条款,涉及东道国-投资者之间有关违反BIT并对投资者造成损害的争议,应提交至国际仲裁解决(“Arbitration was provided for disputes “between one [nation] and an investor of the other [nation], relating to a claim by the investor that a measure taken or not taken by the [nation] is in breach of [the BIT], and that the investor ...has incurred a loss or damage by reason of ...that breach.””)。
2002年,本案原告Crystallex International Corporation(以下简称“Crystallex公司”)作为一家加拿大公司,与委内瑞拉矿业公司Corporación Venezolana de Guayana签订了采矿作业合同(Mine Operating Contract)。根据该合同,Crystallex公司获得委内瑞拉Las Cristinas的开矿权。
2003年至2007年,Crystallex公司根据要求获得相关许可,但委内瑞拉环境部却于2008年正式拒绝给予该公司开采许可。根据相关新闻报道,委内瑞拉政府将对Las Cristinas矿区进行开采和开发。2008年11月24日,Crystallex公司根据BIT向为委内瑞拉政府提交争议通知(Notice of Dispute)。2009年,委内瑞拉总统正式宣布国家将接管Las Cristinas矿区的开发业务。
2011年,Crystallex公司根据BIT正式提起仲裁程序,主张委内瑞拉政府违反了BIT:(1)未对Crystallex公司的投资活动给予公平与公正待遇;(2)对其投资进行强制征用(“Crystallex claimed that Venezuela had breached the BIT by (1) denying Crystallex’s investments “fair and equitable treatment” and (2) expropriating Crystallex’s investments.”)。仲裁程序根据ICSID《附加便利规则》(ICSID’s “Additional Facility” rules)进行,仲裁地在美国华盛顿。
2016年4月,ICSID仲裁庭作出最终裁决,在确认其具有受理双方争议管辖权的前提下,认定委内瑞拉违反加拿大-委内瑞拉BIT,并赔偿Crystallex公司赔偿12.02亿美元损失以及利息。
2016年4月,Crystallex公司根据《纽约公约》以及《美国联邦仲裁法》向美国哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院请求确认(Confirm)上述仲裁裁决,委内瑞拉则提出请求撤销(Vacate)仲裁裁决。
二、美国哥伦比亚特区联邦地区法院:驳回委内瑞拉撤销请求,确认仲裁裁决
(一)《纽约公约》第V(1)(c)条——仲裁庭管辖权问题
委内瑞拉主张,仲裁庭受理了BIT未授权仲裁事项,超出了委内瑞拉同意仲裁的范围,具体而言:(1)本案涉及的争议实质上属于违反合同,而非违反条约;(2)仲裁庭采用了偏离BIT约定的估算方法(“by considering claims that were actually contract violations rather than treaty violations; and second, by using valuation methods that departed from the BIT’s instructions.”)。
关于美国法院是否应当重新审查可仲裁性问题,虽然委内瑞拉提出,可仲裁性问题(Arbitrability),或者说当事双方同意仲裁的范围,属于法院一般审查的例外,法院应当进行重新审查(“Although, as discussed previously, district courts generally defer to the conclusions of arbitral tribunals, Venezuela argues that questions of “arbitrability”—or the scope of the parties’ consent to arbitrate—are an exception to the standard rule and should receive de novo review.”)。
对此,美国地区法院则认为,根据判例First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995),如果当事各方同意应由仲裁庭决定其自身受理范围时,则法院应当在审查仲裁裁决时尊重这一决定(“In other words, when the parties explicitly agree that the tribunal should decide the scope of its own inquiry, then courts should review that determination deferentially.”)。本案中,ICSID《附加便利规则》第45条明确规定,仲裁庭应有权决定其管辖权。据此,由于BIT两国同意依据ICSID《附加便利规则》进行仲裁,故委内瑞拉明确地且毫无差错地授权仲裁庭决定可仲裁性问题,所以本法院对于仲裁庭对其管辖权作出的决定应当进行恭顺地审查(“Thus, by consenting in the BIT to proceed under the ICSID Additional Facility rules, Venezuela clearly and unmistakably assigned the question of arbitrability to the Tribunal, and this Court will deferentially review the Tribunal’s determination as to its own jurisdiction.”)。
基于上述理由,通过对仲裁庭作出的关于其自身管辖权裁决部分的恭顺地审查(deferentially review),美国地区法院最终认定仲裁庭拥有审理双方争议的管辖权。
(二)《纽约公约》第V(2)(b)条——公共政策问题
委内瑞拉提出,确认本案仲裁庭将违背美国公共政策(Public Policy),理由是本案中委内瑞拉政府对Crystallex公司的行为是为了保护本国环境,而各国有权基于对本国环境的保护管理工业活动(“Relying upon this provision, Venezuela argues that confirming the award would harm the “public policy of the United States that States have the sovereign right to regulate the environmental impact of industrial activities” because Venezuela’s conduct toward Crystallex was intended to protect Venezuela’s environment.”)。
对此,美国法院提出,根据判例Gold Reserve Inc. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 146 F. Supp. 3d 112, 132 (D.D.C. 2015)、Ministry of Def. &Support for the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran v. Cubic Def.Sys., Inc., 665 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2011)以及TermoRio S.A. E.S.P. v.Electranta S.P., 487 F.3d 928, 938 (D.C. Cir. 2007)), appealdocketed, No. 15-7158 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 30, 2015),《纽约公约》第V(2)(b)条的“公共政策”应当被狭义解释,仅在裁决违反法院地国最为基本的道德和正义观念时才应当予以撤销(“The “public policy”escape-hatch of Article V(2)(b) is “construed narrowly” and “merits vacating an award only when the award ‘would violate the forum state’s most basic notions of morality and justice.’”)。
而在本案中,仲裁庭对于委内瑞拉政府的行为是否出于环境因素持有严重的怀疑;再者,由于裁决并未涉及一国环境规章制度,仅要求政府向加拿大公司赔偿损失,故确认本案裁决并不会违背美国的公共政策(“the Tribunal cast serious doubt on whether Venezuela’s assertions of environmental concerns motivated its actions.”“The award does not interfere with Venezuela’s environmental rules or regulations, but only requires Venezuela to compensate Crystallex for the results of its inequitable actions and expropriation.”)。故法院认定,确认本案裁决并不会违反公共政策(“The Court thus concludes that public policy does not bar confirmation of the award.”)。
(三)仲裁庭是否存在明显无视法律问题
除了基于《纽约公约》提出的撤销裁决理由,委内瑞拉还提出,仲裁庭明显无视法律故裁决应当予以撤销。对此,法院认为,根据判例ARMA, S.R.O. v. BAE Sys. Overseas, Inc., 961F. Supp. 2d 245, 268 (D.D.C. 2013),明显无视法律一般发生在仲裁庭“承认但无视相关规则的适用”(“Manifest disregard for the law typically occurs when the Tribunal “acknowledged and then summarily disregarded an applicable rule.””),但在本案中,仲裁庭并不存在明显无视法律的情形(“The Court is therefore confident that the Tribunal did not manifestly disregard the law.”)。
综合上述,美国地区法院决定,同意确认仲裁裁决,驳回委内瑞拉的撤销请求。委内瑞拉不服,向上诉法院提出上诉。
三、美国哥伦比亚特区联邦巡回上诉法院:维持原判,驳回上诉
首先,委内瑞拉提出,地区法院忽视了其基于《美国联邦仲裁法》提出的撤销裁决的主张(“First, Venezuela claims that the district court overlooked its arguments that the arbitral award should be vacated under the FAA.”)。但上诉法院认为,与其主张相反,地区法院审查了委内瑞拉基于《仲裁法》提出的所有主张,并采用了美国仲裁法判例法得出的正确审查标准(“To the contrary, the district court considered all of Venezuela’s FAA arguments and applied the correct standard of review drawn from FAA case law.”)
其次,委内瑞拉主张,地区法院错误地对仲裁裁决中关于损害赔偿标准计算方法进行了恭顺地审查,其应当对其进行重新认定(“Venezuela argues that the district court erroneously reviewed the arbitral award’s method of calculating damages under a deferential standard and should have instead reviewed the question de novo.”)。对此,上诉法院认同地区法院关于仲裁庭管辖权问题的认定结论,故地区法院在该部分实体部分的认定,并不存在错误(“Regardless whether the calculation-of-damages argument raises a question of arbitrability, then, the district court did not err.”)
最后,委内瑞拉还主张,地区法院基于对仲裁庭认定理由的基础误解作出的确认决定(“Third, Venezuela contends that the district court confirmed the arbitral award based on several misunderstandings of the arbitration tribunal’s reasoning.”)。对此,上诉法院表示不予认同,并明确提出地区法院在该部分认定中并不存在上诉人主张的错误(“The district court operated under no such error.”)。
综上,美国上诉法院最终决定,维持原判,驳回上诉。
四、评析
本案涉及一个重要问题,即法院对国际投资仲裁案件中“可仲裁性问题”的审查标准。在本案中,无论是美国地区法院,还是上诉法院,都表达了以下观点:法院对仲裁案件“可仲裁性问题”进行重新审查的前提是当事双方未对可仲裁性问题进行明确约定,如果当事双方已明确约定,仲裁庭有权决定可仲裁性问题,那么,法院则应当对仲裁庭的相关结论进行“恭顺地审查”(deferentially review),换言之,认可仲裁庭对其管辖权的相关结论,不再对该问题进行重新审查(de novo review)。
本案的特殊之处在于,当事双方为国际投资仲裁案件当事方,故法院在审查双方是否对仲裁庭管辖权问题时,重点审查对象为加拿大-委内瑞拉BIT的相关规定。由于本案BIT中明确规定仲裁程序适用ICSID《附加便利规则》,而该规则第45条明确规定,仲裁庭应有权决定其管辖权,法院由此认定,当事双方已明确约定了仲裁庭有权决定其管辖权问题,故仅对仲裁庭作出的管辖权问题结论部分进行了“恭顺地审查”。本案涉及国际投资仲裁案件中诸多问题,值得我们深入研究和探讨。