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美国法院以说理不充分为由将仲裁裁决发回重审 ​(美国案例)

2019326日,在Smarter Tools, Inc. v Chongqing SENCI Import & Export Trade Co.,Ltd and Another, 18-cv-2714 (AJN)一案中(判决请见:阅读原文),当事双方对仲裁裁决是否应当被撤销发生争议,美国纽约南区联邦地区法院作出认定:驳回原告撤销仲裁裁决的请求,由于仲裁员越权裁决,同时也驳回被告确认仲裁裁决的请求;并决定将裁决发回仲裁庭重新审理(“For these reasons, the Court denies STI's motion to vacate the award. However, because the Court concludes that the arbitrator has exceeded his authority, SENCI's motion to confirm the award and enter judgment is also denied.”“This matter is remanded to the arbitrator so that he can issue a "reasoned award" in accordance with the parties' agreement.”)。

 

一、案情介绍

 

本案原告Smarter Tools, Inc.(以下简称“原告”)为一家美国公司,被告Chongqing SENCIImport & Export Trade Co., Ltd(以下简称“被告”)为一家中国公司。自2011年开始,原告向被告购买由其生产的一种发电机模型,双方就该种发电机能否通过加州空气资源委员会(CARB)认证发生分歧。

 

20136月,由于该批发电机未获得CARB认证和美国环境保护(EPA)认证,原告停止销售该种发电机,同时被罚款507,000美元。针对未支付的部分发电机货款问题,双方发生争议。

 

当事双方购买协议(Purchase Order)约定有仲裁条款由合同引起的任何争议应根据美国仲裁协会(AAA)《商事争议解决程序》通过仲裁得到最终解决,仲裁地在纽约市(“that any dispute arising from the contract "shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration in the City of New York under the International Commercial Dispute Resolution Proceedings of the American Arbitration Association (AAA).”)。

 

2016425日,被告将双方争议在纽约提交至AAA仲裁,主张原告应支付其发电机货款3,000,000美元;原告则提出反请求,主张被告生产的发电机存在质量瑕疵,且不符合环境认证标准,被告应赔偿其应储存、返还部分产品发生的费用。在仲裁程序中,当事双方都请求仲裁员作出一份“说理充分的裁决”(Reasoned Award)。

 

2018223日,仲裁员作出一份篇幅有6页纸的最终裁决,认定仲裁申请人(即本案被告)的主张依据充分(well-foundand supported by the evidence),而被申请人(即本案原告)的证人在仲裁程序中就事实部分多次翻改证词,最终决定支持申请人的仲裁请求,驳回被申请人反请求。但是,就被申请人主张的申请人公司生产的发电机是否有瑕疵或者不符合认证规范的,以及申请人是否单方面取消交货的问题,该裁决并未进行任何认定和说明(“The award makes no finding as to whether any generators provided by SENCI were defective or non-compliant, nor whether SENCI unilaterally cancelled scheduled deliveries.”)。

 

2018328日,原告向美国法院请求撤销(vacate)上述裁决,被告提出抗辩。2018524日,被告提出交叉请求,请求法院确认(confirm)该份仲裁裁决。

 

二、法院认定:既驳回原告的撤销请求,也驳回被告的确认请求,将争议仲裁裁决发回重审

 

(一)本案适用的法律原则

 

根据判例D.H Blair & Co., Inc. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95,110 (2d Cir. 2006),一般来说,对仲裁裁决的确认是一种“简易程序”,仅需使已经具有最终效力的仲裁裁决的内容成为法院的判决,故除非相关裁决被撤销、修正或修改,法院均应当予以确认(“As a general matter, "confirmation of an arbitration award is 'a summary proceeding that merely makes what is already a final arbitration award a judgment of the court.”“The court must grant' the award 'unless the award is vacated, modified, or corrected.”)。根据判例Porzig v. Dresdner, Kleinwort, Benson,North Am. LLC, 497 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 2007),由于鼓励当事人使用仲裁解决纠纷,法院对仲裁裁决是否适当的审查标准应尽量克制(“[A]n extremely deferential standard ofreview" is appropriate in the context of arbitral awards "[t]o encourage and support the use of arbitration by consenting parties.”)。

 

由此可见,本案首先应当认定的是,争议的仲裁裁决是否应当根据原告的请求予以撤销。有上述判例可知,撤销仲裁裁决的门槛相对较高,以及撤销请求人的证明任务也相对繁重,其须证明裁决符合美国仲裁法中关于撤销仲裁裁决的明确规定。

 

(二)关于本案争议仲裁裁决是否应当被撤销

 

原告主张,本案争议仲裁裁决应当予以撤销,基于以下两点:1)由于未作出说理充分的仲裁裁决,仲裁员构成越权;(2)由于未适用《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(CISG),仲裁员构成明显无视法律(“STI makes two arguments in support of its motion to vacate: first, that the arbitrator exceeded its authority in failing to issue a reasoned award; and second, that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the law in failing to apply the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG").”)。法院对此作出一一回应。

 

1. 关于本案仲裁员作出的裁决是否说理充分的问题

 

法院认为,根据判例D.H Blair & Co., 462 F.3d以及TullyConstr. Co., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25690一般情况下,仲裁员无需在其作出的裁决中解释理由;如若仲裁当事人未对裁决的特殊格式提出要求,仲裁员可以作出一份仅说明认定结果的裁决(“Generally, an "arbitrator's rationale for an award need not be explained.”“If the parties have not requested a specific form of award, the arbitrator may issue an award that does nothing more than announce the result.”)。

 

但是,在本案的仲裁程序中,当事双方都明确要求仲裁员作出一份“说理充分”的仲裁裁决。关于何为说理充分的裁决,在LeewardConst. Co., Ltd. v. Am. Univ. ofAntigua-College ofMedicine, 826F.3d 634, 640 (2d Cir. 2016).一案中,美国第二巡回法院明确提出,“说理充分”裁决的标准要高于一两条未解释理由的结论,但又不要求仲裁庭对当事各方提出的每个问题有关的事实法律作出充分认定。也就是说,说理充分的裁决要求仲裁庭就其面对核心问题的基本认定理由进行阐述,但不必深究各方提出的每一个论点“that a "reasoned award" requires "something more than a line or two of unexplained conclusions, but something less than full findings of fact and conclusions of law on each issue raised before the panel.”“In other words, "[a] reasoned award sets forth the basic reasoning of the arbitral panel on the central issue or issues raised before it," but"need not delve into every argument made by the parties.”)。结合本案案情,法院最终认定,由于仲裁裁决未就其拒绝原告反请求进行说理,故本案争议仲裁裁决未达到“说理充分”的标准“The Court concludes that the award at issue here does not meet the standard for a reasoned award because it contains no rationale for rejecting STI's claims.”)。

 

在判例TullyConstr. Co., 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25690LeewardConst. Co., 826 F.3d at 638-640 (2d Cir. 2016)中,美国地区法院认定,由于仲裁员作出的仲裁裁决不符合仲裁当事人在其仲裁协议中约定的裁决形式,故仲裁员的行为构成越权“anarbitrator exceeds his or her powers when the arbitrator renders a form of award that does not satisfy the requirements the parties stipulated to in their arbitration agreement.”)。在本案中,由于当事双方均同意仲裁员需作出一份“充分说理”的裁决,故仲裁员针对重要结论未说明理由就作出裁决的行为也构成超越职权“Because the parties here agreed that the award should be "reasoned," the arbitrator exceeded his authority in issuing an award that does not meet the standard of a reasoned opinion.”

 

2. 关于仲裁员是否明显无视法律的问题

 

针对该问题,法院认为,本案中没有任何迹象表明仲裁员未适用CISG就得出其认定结论,裁决中基于事实认定驳回原告请求,这并不足以让法院推断出仲裁员无视CISG的法律适用(“The Court agrees. There is no indication that the arbitrator reached his results through anything other than an application ofthe CISG to his factual findings regarding the parties' contractual relationship. That the award rejected STI's arguments on the merits is not enough for the Court to infer that it ignored governing provisions of the CISG.”),故认定本案仲裁员并不构成明显无视法律“The Court concludes that the arbitrator did not act in manifest disregard of the law.”)。

 

3. 关于仲裁裁决是否应当撤销的问题

 

本案原告基于裁决未充分说理请求撤销该仲裁裁决,但是法院却认为,为便利仲裁的目的,并为当事方提供有效争议解决方法,从而避免旷日持久的诉讼,必要严格限制撤销仲裁裁决的救济措施(“However, the Court is cognizant that that the remedy of vacatur must be strictly limited "in order to facilitate the purpose underlying arbitration: to provide parties with efficient dispute resolution, thereby obviating the need for protracted litigation.),因此,法院最终决定,本案的适当救济方式在于将裁决发回仲裁员重审,要求其阐明其认定理由(“The Court therefore determines that the proper remedy is to remand to the arbitrator for clarification of his findings.”)。

 

综上所述,驳回原告撤销仲裁裁决的请求,由于仲裁员越权裁决,同时也驳回被告确认仲裁裁决的请求;并决定将裁决发回仲裁庭重新审理。

 

三、评析

 

本案涉及一个重要问题,裁决说理不充分是否构成仲裁当事人请求撤销仲裁裁决的理由之一。对此,美国法院的基本观点如下:一般情况下,如若仲裁当事人未就仲裁裁决的特殊形式提出要求,仲裁庭作出的仲裁裁决并非一定要求解释其认定理由;但是,一旦当事人在仲裁程序中明确要求仲裁庭作出“说理充分的裁决”(Reasoned Reward),仲裁庭作出的裁决就应当对当事双方争议的核心问题阐明其认定理由,而非简单得出其结论(如本案情形),即便如此,法院也更倾向于将裁决发回重审而非直接撤销。由此可见,一般而言,当事双方的事先约定或者是否在仲裁程序中提出明确请求,说理不充分也最多成为当事人提出异议的理由,至于能否达到撤销裁决的标准,还需看是否满足法定撤销仲裁裁决的情形。