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关于被提出撤销之诉未决的仲裁裁决效力认定 (美国案例)

2019325日,在Compañía de Inversiones Mercantiles S.A.v. Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua, S.A.B. de C.V., No. 15-CV-02120 (D. Colo. Mar. 25, 2019)一案中,原告作为仲裁胜诉方请求美国科罗拉多州地区法院确认针对被告的仲裁裁决,被告则以该仲裁裁决仍处于玻利维亚法院撤销诉讼中为由进行抗辩,并请求法院中止原告的确认仲裁裁决程序。对此,美国地区法院最终认定同意确认本案仲裁裁决驳回被告中止当前诉讼程序的请求(“Having considered the parties’ oral arguments, presented on February13, 2019, and the voluminous filings and arguments contained therein, I nowgrant CIMSA’s Petition to Confirm a Foreign Arbitral Award (ECF No. 1) and thesubsequent Motion to Confirm Foreign Arbitral Award.”)。

 

本案涉及两份仲裁裁决的撤销之诉,本公众号已于2019年7月22日在《美国法院对尚在仲裁地法院撤销诉讼中的仲裁裁决予以确认》对本案进行了全面分析,本文将重点分析第二份尚在玻利维亚法院撤销之诉中的仲裁裁决“损害赔偿裁决书”(Damages Award)的效力问题

 

一、案情介绍

 

本案原告Compañía de Inversiones Mercantiles S.A.(以下简称“原告”)为一家玻利维亚最大水泥公司Sociedad Boliviana de Cemento, S.A.(以下简称“SOBOCE”)的控股公司,被告GrupoCementos de Chihuahua, S.A.B. de C.V.(以下简称“被告”)则为一家墨西哥水泥以及混泥土供应商。

 

2005922日,被告的一家全资子公司GCC Latinoamérica获得原告控股公司SOBOCE公司的47%股份,四方签订有《股东协议》(Shareholders’ Agreement),被告为其全资子公司提供担保,协议适用玻利维亚法。《股东协议》约定有仲裁协议当事方之间的任何争议应根据“美洲国家商事仲裁委员会”(Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission,“IACAC”或Comisión Inter-Americana deArbitraje Comercial,“CIAC)的仲裁规则提交调解和随后的国际仲裁以进行最终解决,并通过双方当事人的互相协议进行修改;以及,仲裁将由玻利维亚的CIAC国家分会受理(“any dispute between the parties would be ‘submitted to conciliation and subsequent international arbitration for final resolution, subject to the rules of the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission (IACAC), and as modified by means of mutual agreement between the Parties to the Arbitration.’”;“the arbitration was to be administered by the national chapter of the CIAC in Bolivia.”)。

 

2011年,双方就收购被告持有的SOBOCE股份进行磋商,双方达成新的协议,但被告于2011818日将其股份转让给了第三方。故原告在玻利维亚向CIAC提起针对被告的仲裁程序,2013913日和2015410日,仲裁庭分别作出“责任认定裁决书”(Merits Award)和“损害赔偿裁决书”(Damages Award),支持了原告的仲裁请求。

 

被告不服,分别向玻利维亚法院提起仲裁裁决撤销之诉,请求法院撤销上述两份仲裁裁决。在法院驳回被告撤销“责任认定裁决书”请求后,被告又再次提起“违宪之诉”(Amparo Action),主张法官未充分解释其认定理由,侵犯其宪法权利(ConstitutionalRights)。该违宪主张得到玻利维亚宪法法院(Guarantee Court)的支持,并决定发回重审,由另一名法官宣布撤销部分裁决。当该程序还在进行时,玻利维亚最高宪法法院(Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal,“PCT”)又推翻了宪法法院的上述决定。关于“损害赔偿裁决书”,被告于20157月向玻利维亚法院请求撤销该裁决,在请求被驳回后被告又提起同上述相似的违宪程序。

 

在上述玻利维亚法院程序尚未完结的情况下,本案原告(也是仲裁胜诉方)根据《纽约公约》向美国科罗拉多地区法院请求确认上述两份仲裁裁决的效力。

 

针对第一份“责任认定裁决书”(Merits Award),美国地区法院通过对双方玻利维亚法专家证言,认定该份裁决书的玻利维亚法院程序已完结,且该份裁决并未被有效撤销,因此关于该份裁决的效力以及既判力(res judicata)并无争议。关于第二份“损害赔偿裁决书”(Damages Award),由于该份裁决确实尚在玻利维亚法院撤销诉讼程序中,其效力问题仍具有较大争议。

 

二、美国地区法院认定:仲裁程序已完结的仲裁裁决具有效力

 

关于第二份“损害赔偿裁决书”(Damages Award)的效力问题,被告主张,只要其向玻利维亚法院请求撤销仲裁裁决的法律程序还未决,根据玻利维亚法该裁决就不具有终局性和约束力(“that as long as their request to annul the Damages Award is pending in Bolivian court, the award is not final and binding under Bolivian law.”)。

 

对此,美国地区法院却认为,即使假设被告主张成立,其依据的法律规定也仅规定了仲裁当事人在玻利维亚国内执行裁决的情形,而未对仲裁裁决在国外执行情形下的终局性和效力问题进行规定(“But even assuming they do, these provisions would only dictate what a party must do to enforce an award in Bolivia—they do not speak to the finality or binding nature of an award in any context beyond enforcing an award domestically.”);在本案中,尽管当事人约定仲裁程序适用玻利维亚法,但原告并非是在玻利维亚寻求承认或执行该裁决,而是根据《纽约公约》向美国法院请求承认和执行裁决,根据《纽约公约》,在玻利维亚存在的法院程序并不构成对当事人向其他国家法院请求执行的抗辩(“And here, although the parties agreed that Bolivian law would apply to the arbitration proceedings, CIMSA is not seeking recognition or enforcement of the award in Bolivia. CIMSA moves to enforce the award in the U.S. pursuant to the New York Convention, and under the New York Convention,the existence of ongoing judicial proceedings in Bolivia is not a defense to enforcement.)。

 

具体而言,《纽约公约》并未定义“对当事人具有约束力”(binding on the parties)的含义,但若认定“具有约束力”意味着仲裁裁决必须在仲裁地法院执行,则该结论与公约的目的是相悖的(“The New York Convention does not define “binding on the parties,” but it would be contrary to the Convention’s intent to conclude that “binding” means the award must be enforceable in the country where the arbitration took place.”)。根据判例Karaha Bodas Co. v.Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara, 335 F.3d 357, 366-67 (5th Cir. 2003)Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London v. Argonaut Ins.Co., 500 F.3d 571, 576 n. 4 (7th Cir. 2007)以及Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim &Sons v. Toys “R” Us, Inc., 126 F.3d 15, 22 (2nd Cir.1997)《纽约公约》的主要目的之一在于便利仲裁当事人能够在第三国执行仲裁裁决,而不必在仲裁地法院首先获得对相关裁决的承认或执行(“One of the main goals of the New York Convention “was to facilitate the enforcement of arbitration awards by enabling parties to enforcethem in third countries without first having to obtain either confirmation of such awards or leave to enforce them from a court in the country of the arbitral situs.”);为此,《纽约公约》有意取消了要求仲裁地法院先予承认相关裁决后方能在国外请求承认和执行的条件(“To that end, the New York Convention purposefully“eradicate[ed] the requirement that a court in the rendering state recognize an award before it could be taken and enforced abroad.”)。

 

据此,根据判例Fertilizer Corp. of India v. IDI Mgmt., Inc., 517 F. Supp. 948, 958 (S.D. Ohio 1981)Ministry of Def. &Support v. Cubic Def. Sys., 665 F. 3d 1091, 1100 (9thCir. 2011),美国法院认为,当不能再向其他仲裁庭(仲裁上诉庭)寻求救济时,仲裁裁决则具有拘束力(“that “[a]n arbitration award becomes binding when ‘nofurther recourse may be had to another arbitral tribunal (that is, an appeals tribunal).”);其中第九巡回法院提出,尽管被告主张裁决还未得到确认,但仲裁裁决之所以具有约束力,是由于其所有仲裁程序中的上诉都已用尽that the award had become binding because all arbitration appeals had been exhausted, even though the defendant argued that“the award had not yet been confirmed.);第二巡回法院也在Florasynth, Inc. v. Pickholz, 750 F.2d 171, 176 (2d Cir. 1984)一案中提出类似的观点,确认仲裁裁决是一项简易程序,仅使已经是最终裁决的仲裁裁决等同于法院判决,故仲裁裁决不必由法院来实际确认是否有效(“that “the confirmation of an arbitration award is a summary proceeding that merely makes what is already a final arbitration award a judgment of the court,” and thus an “award need not actually be confirmed by a court to be valid.””)。

 

在本案中,法院认为,首先,根据当事各方2005年订立的《股东协议》约定,“仲裁庭作出的任何裁决或命令都具有终局性,对仲裁各方都具有约束力,仲裁各方特此明确放弃对仲裁裁决提出取消、抗辩或上诉的所有动议。仲裁裁决可在对仲裁各方所有资产具有管辖权的任何法院请求强制执行”(Any awards or orders issued by the Arbitral Tribunal shall be final and binding on the Parties to the Arbitration, who hereby expressly waive all motions to vacate, defenses and appeals against said award.The arbitral award may be enforced in any court having competent jurisdiction over same or over the Parties to the Arbitration or their assets);其次,IACAC仲裁规则》第29.2明确规定,“裁决应当以书面形式作出,具有终局性,且对当事各方具有约束力,不得再提起上诉。当事各方承诺毫不拖延地执行裁决”(“The award shall be made in writing and shall be final and binding on the parties and subject to no appeal. The parties undertake to carry out the award without delay.”);最后,仲裁庭在其作出的裁决中也明确认定,裁决具有终局性(“Furthermore, the Arbitral Tribunal itself certified that the Merits Award “definitively rules on [l]iability” (Merits Award p. 159), and that the Damages Award “represents the definitive decision on damages.” (DamagesAward p. 90).”)。所以,根据上述几点,被告关于裁决不具有约束力的主张不予成立(“Thus, the terms of the parties’ 2005 Agreement and the IACAC Rules incorporated therein contradict Respondents’ characterization of the award as non-binding.”)。

 

综合上述,法院最终认定:即使玻利维亚法院不予执行该份裁决,但根据《纽约公约》,仲裁程序已结束,且该裁决为仲裁庭作出的最后裁决,也不存在进一步仲裁程序,故该裁决仍具有约束力(“Therefore, I find that even if a Bolivian court would not enforce the award at this juncture, it is binding under the New York Convention because the arbitration has concluded, a final award has been issued, and there are no further proceedings within the arbitral process.”)。

 

三、评析

 

    本案涉及到《纽约公约》相关条款的解释问题。根据美国地区法院,《纽约公约》将对已成功撤销裁决的异议和未决裁决的异议进行了区分。根据《纽约公约》第V1)(e)条,如果裁决尚未对当事各方具有约束力,或已被仲裁地国家法院撤销或中止执行,法院可拒绝执行该仲裁裁决(“that a court may refuse to enforce an arbitral award if “[t]he award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which,that award was made.””);根据《纽约公约》第VI,如果已向仲裁地法院提出撤销裁决的申请,法院可在其认为适当的情形下,在外国程序解决之前推迟执行裁决的决定(“if an application to set aside the award has been made to a competent authority in the country in which the award was made, the court “may,if it considers it proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award” pending the resolution of the foreign proceedings.”)。由此可见,上述两条内容是所有差异的,《纽约公约》对于仲裁地法院撤销程序未决的情况,基于了被请求承认和执行裁决法院一定的自由裁量权,这也是本案美国地区法院能够予以自由裁决的根本。本文论述中,美国地区法院阐述了一个重点观点:结合案件具体情形,如果不存在相反的约定,仲裁裁决一旦做出,即具有终局性和约束力,仲裁当事人可基于该效力向仲裁地法院以外的法院申请强制执行该裁决。