2019年5月9日,在Rakna Arakshaka Lanka Ltd v.Avant Garde Maritime Services (Private) Limited [2019]SGCA 33一案中(判决请见:阅读原文),新加坡上诉法院认定,虽然根据《示范法》第16(3)条规定,仲裁当事人在仲裁庭作为一个初步问题裁定其拥有管辖权的情况下,应当在收到裁定通知后30天内向法院提出异议,但该条的排除效力并不适用于未参与仲裁程序的被申请人;由于当事双方已通过签订备忘录约定退出仲裁程序,仲裁庭便不再具有继续审理争议的管辖权,其作出的超出提交仲裁范围以外事项的裁决应当予以撤销(“For the reasons given above, we conclude that on and from the date of the MOU, the mandate given to the Tribunal to decide the dispute between the parties had ended. With respect, the decision of the Tribunal to continue with the arbitration was in error. Accordingly, the Award contains decisions on matters that were beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration and must be set aside on this basis.”)。
一、案情介绍
本案上诉人Rakna Arakshaka Lanka Ltd(以下简称“RALL”)和被上诉人Avant Garde Maritime Services(Private) Limited(以下简称“AGMS”)二者都是斯里兰卡公司,主营业务也都与航运安保有关。2011年3月之前,双方在斯里兰卡共和国国防与城市发展部(the Ministry of Defence and Urban Development of the Republic of SriLanka,以下简称“MOD”)主持下,商定以公私合伙(private- publicpartnership)的形式来执行某些项目。
在2011年3月至2013年10月期间,双方签订了6份独立的协议,根据这些协议双方开展各种项目,其中包括本案涉及的Galle Floating Armoury项目。2014年1月27日,为推进项目进程,双方又签订一份包含6份独立协议的主合同(Master Agreement)。根据该主合同第8条关于适用法和争议解决的约定,争议的适用法为斯里兰卡法,仲裁地为新加坡,适用新加坡国际仲裁中心仲裁规则(SIAC Rules)(“The proceedings of the arbitration shall be conducted in the English language in accordance with the Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC). The place of arbitration shall be Singapore.”)。
随着2015年1月斯里兰卡换届选举,RALL公司董事会也发生变更,新政府随后对前政权期间发生的贿赂、腐败以及滥用职权指控展开调查,其中涉及到本案双方当事人的交易,包括Galle Floating Armoury项目的合法性。调查期间AGMS请求RALL给予必要的协助,但RALL回复新董事会还未组建完成。
2015年4月,AGMS以RALL未履行主合同第3.1条给予最大协议义务为由启动仲裁程序,主张RALL赔偿其损失。2015年5月13日,RALL以新董事会刚建立为由请求SIAC延长其答复时间,但到规定时间仍未提交任何答复;在AGMS提交申述书(Statement of Claim)后,RALL再次请求SIAC延长时间。
2015年9月30日,仲裁庭组建完成并开始仲裁程序。2015年11月12日,RALL代理律师向SIAC请求中止仲裁程序,理由是双方已于2015年10月20日签订了谅解备忘录(Memorandum of Understanding,以下简称“备忘录”),AGMS同意退出当前仲裁程序。但AGMS却提出双方争议并未得到解决,仲裁仍应继续进行。2015年11月16日,仲裁庭举行审前预备会议(Prelimilary Meeting),RALL未出席。
2015年12月19日,仲裁庭以多数人意见作出临时命令(Interim Order),认定由于RALL未能确保作为备忘录根源的主合同的持续性,申述书中所提出的双方争议仍客观存在(“that RALL had “failed to ensure the continuity of the Master Agreement, which [went] to the root of the [MOU]”. Thus, “the dispute referred to in the Statement of Claim of [AGMS][was] still alive”.”),故仲裁程序仍应继续。但另一位仲裁员持不同意见,认为备忘录有效,故AGMS有义务退出仲裁程序(““effect of AGMS’s agreement to withdraw its claim in this Arbitration [was] that there [was] no longer any dispute before the Tribunal to arbitrate”; thus, the “Tribunal should declare that the dispute ha[d] been settled”.”)。在RALL未参与后续仲裁程序的情况下,仲裁庭于2016年11月29日发布最终裁决,以多数人意见支持了AGMS的仲裁请求。
2017年2月27日,RALL向新加坡高等法院(High Court of Singapore)请求撤销上述仲裁裁决。
二、新加坡高等法院认定:《示范法》第16(3)条具有排除效力,驳回当事人撤销仲裁裁决请求
RALL向法院提出撤销仲裁裁决请求的主要依据如下:
(1)根据《示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条规定,当裁决处理的争议不在提交仲裁的范围之列或裁决书内含对提交仲裁的范围以外事项的决定,仲裁裁决依当事人申请应当被法院撤销,本案中备忘录已终止当事人将争议提交仲裁的可能性,故争议裁决应当被撤销(即“管辖权异议”)(“The Award should be set aside pursuant to Art 34(2)(a)(iii) because it deals with a dispute not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration (“the jurisdictional challenge”). The core of RALL’s argument was that the MOU had terminated the reference to arbitration.”);
(2)根据《示范法》第34(2)(a)(ii)条规定,其未在仲裁程序中给予适当的通知,违反了自然正义规则(即“自然正义异议”)(“The Award should be setaside pursuant to Art 34(2)(a)(ii)because RALL was not given proper notice of the arbitral proceedings or was unable to present its case, in that certain pieces of correspondence and documents were not copied to it.”“RALL argued that this also breached the rules of natural justice in the making of the Award under s 24(b).”);
(3)根据《示范法》第34(2)(b)(ii)条规定,由于本案主合同涉嫌贿赂,争议仲裁裁决与新加坡公共政策相违背(即“公共政策异议”)(“The Award should be set aside pursuant to Art 34(2)(b)(ii) as being in conflict with the public policy of Singapore, or under s 24(a) because it was induced or affected by fraud or corruption (“the public policy challenge”). RALL’s main argument was that the Master Agreement was procured by bribes given by AGMS’ chairman, Mr Senadhipathi, to RALL’s then chairman, Mr Fernando.”)。
新加坡高等法院驳回了RALL的撤销仲裁裁决请求,理由如下:
首先,针对RALL提出的管辖权异议,新加坡高等法院认定,仲裁庭作出的临时命令(Order)构成一个关于仲裁庭管辖权的初步问题裁定,故《示范法》第16(3)条适用于本案(“On the jurisdictional challenge, the Judge held that the Order was a ruling on jurisdiction as a preliminary issue. Thus, s 10(3) and Art 16(3) were applicable, and RALL had to challenge the Order within 30 days of receiving notice of the ruling.”)。根据第16(3)条规定,当事人RALL应当在其收到裁定通知后30天向相关法院提出异议,故法院认为违反该条规定将具有排除效力,即当事一方未能在规定时间内对仲裁庭作出的初步问题裁定提出管辖权异议,则该当事人不得在随后向仲裁地法院提出的撤销之诉中再次提出管辖权异议(“that a party’s failure to challenge a tribunal’s ruling on jurisdiction as a preliminary issue has a preclusive effect in that such party cannot thereafter bring a jurisdictional challenge in subsequent setting aside proceedings in the seat court.”)。法院还认定,《示范法》第16(3)条的排除效力同样适用于远离仲裁程序的当事人(“the preclusive effect of s 10(3) and Art 16(3) applied equally to a party that had stayed away from the arbitral proceedings.”)。在本案中,高等法院认为,RALL无视第16条规定提出的管辖权异议,构成诉讼程序的滥用(“RALL’s jurisdictional challenge at the seat in blatant disregard of Art 16 amounted to an abuse of process.”)。
其次,即使RALL未被排除提出管辖权异议,高等法院法官也认同仲裁庭的意见,由于RALL未能维持主合同的持续性,仲裁庭的管辖权并没有因为备忘录而终止(“Even if RALL was not precluded from bringing its jurisdictional challenge, the Judge agreed with the Tribunal that its mandate was not terminated by virtue of the MOU. There was ample evidence before the Tribunal that RALL had failed to maintain the continuity of the Master Agreement.”)。
最后,除了上述管辖权异议,高等法院还一一驳回了RALL提出的自然正义异议和公共政策异议(“The Judge also dismissed RALL’s challenge on the ground of breach of natural justice.”“With regard to the public policy challenge, the Judge held that the alleged bribery and corruption that caused RALL to enter into the Master Agreement did not fall within s 24(a).”)。故高等法院最终认定,驳回当事人撤销仲裁裁决的请求。
RALL不服,再次以仲裁庭“管辖权异议”和“公共政策异议”向新加坡上诉法院提出上诉,请求撤销仲裁裁决。
三、新加坡上诉法院认定:当事双方签订备忘录后仲裁庭不再具有管辖权,同意上诉
关于《示范法》第16(3)条的适用问题,上诉法院认为,当仲裁被申请人已向仲裁庭明确提出有效的管辖权异议,并选择不参与其后的仲裁程序的情况下,《示范法》第16(3)条或《新加坡仲裁法》第10条都不应当解释为排除该被申请人向法院提出管辖权异议并请求撤销仲裁裁决(“In our view, neither Art 16(3) nor s 10 should be construed so as to prevent a respondent who chooses not to participate in an arbitration because he has a valid objection to the jurisdiction of the tribunal from raising that objection as a ground to set aside such tribunal’s award.”)。
首先,考虑到《示范法》第16(3)条的目的,是通过推动整个程序的进行,,以防止提出进一步的管辖权异议而造成资源的浪费(“The first of these is that the point of Art 16(3) is to avoid wastage of resources by allowing the entire proceedings to continue, without further doubt as to jurisdiction.”);其次,上诉法院明确提出,第16(3)条的排除效力并不适用于远离仲裁程序的被申请人,且该被申请人并未造成任何由于未及时提出异议而造成的资源浪费(“We are of the view that the preclusive effect of Art16(3) does not extend to a respondent who stays away from the arbitration proceedings and has not contributed to any wastage of costs or the incurring of any additional costs that could have been prevented by a timely application under Art 16(3).”)。在本案中,上诉人RALL作为仲裁程序被申请人,虽然前期有向SIAC请求延长答复期限,但在仲裁程序中未提交任何正式的请求(“As can be seen from the recital of the facts between [13] and [26] above, while RALL did not file any formal pleadings in the arbitration, it did carry on some correspondence with the SIAC.”),且在仲裁庭组建完成后明确致信仲裁庭由于双方达成备忘录,仲裁庭应及时中止仲裁程序,由此可见,RALL构成未参与仲裁程序的被申请人(a “non-participating” respondent),因此应当被排除在第16(3)条的适用范围外。
最后,关于本案是否存在有效和解协议的问题,上诉法院认为,其同意仲裁庭中持反对意见仲裁员的意见(“We agree entirely with the reasoning of the minority arbitrator.”),即根据双方达成的有效备忘录,仲裁申请人AGMS应当退出针对RALL的仲裁程序,故仲裁庭不在具有审理双方争议的管辖权(“The effect of AGMS’s agreement to withdraw its claim in the Arbitration is that there is no longer any dispute before the Tribunal to arbitrate.”)。
综上所述,新加坡上诉法院得出结论,在当事双方签订备忘录开始,仲裁庭审理双方争议的任务已结束,因此其决定继续审理争议的决定是错误的,其作出的超出提交仲裁范围以外事项的裁决应当予以撤销(“For the reasons given above, we conclude that on and from the date of the MOU, the mandate given to the Tribunal to decide the dispute between the parties had ended. With respect, the decision of the Tribunal to continue with the arbitration was in error. Accordingly, the Award contains decisions on matters that were beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration and must be set aside on this basis.”)。
四、评析
本案涉及到一个重要问题,即《示范法》第16(3)条排除效力是否同样适用于选择不参与仲裁程序的一方当事人(通常情况下为仲裁被申请人)。根据《示范法》第16(3)条规定,“仲裁庭可以根据案情将本条第(2)款所指抗辩作为一个初步问题裁定或在实体裁决中裁定。仲裁庭作为一个初步问题裁定其拥有管辖权的,任何一方当事人可在收到裁定通知后三十天内请求第6条规定的法院对此事项作出决定,该决定不得上诉。”如果不遵守该条关于时限的规定,将面临的后果是,当事人在其后的程序中将被排除提出管辖权异议的权利。但该条的排除效力是否同样适用于未参与仲裁程序的当事人呢?对此,Gary Born曾提出,根据《示范法》第16(3)条,当事一方必须在规定的30天内提出管辖权异议,否则其将不被允许在后续的撤销程序中提出该异议(International Commercial Arbitration vol 2 (Kluwer Law International, 2nd Ed,2014) at p 1104)。但其还提出,该条适用的例外情形是当事一方未参与仲裁程序,在此种情形下,新加坡法院应当允许未参与仲裁程序当事人根据《示范法》第34条提出撤销仲裁裁决的请求(“is where a party does not participate at all in the arbitral proceedings; in this instance, the Singaporean court would permit a challenge to a final arbitral award under Article 34 of the Model Law.”International Commercial Arbitration vol 2 (Kluwer Law International, 2nd Ed,2014) at p 1106)。根据Gary Born的观点,在当事人选择不参与仲裁程序的情况下,《示范法》第16(3)条的排除效力并适用于此种情形,这一观点与新加坡上诉法院在本案中提出的观点不谋而合。