未对仲裁通知提出异议且签署勾销协议的行为构成对合并仲裁程序的同意
2021年12月21日,英格兰和威尔士高等法院就LLC Agronefteproduckt v Ameropa AG [2021] EWHC 3474案作出判决,认为对仲裁通知(Notice of Arbitration)的解释要更多的从其实质而非其形式进行出发,买方可以基于勾销协议(Washout Agreement)对抗卖方的管辖权异议,卖方则在勾销协议下具有禁反言义务,其不得反悔有关仲裁通知系有效和仲裁程序已经合理开始这样一个默示的共同合意。
1、背景介绍
原告LLC Agronefteprodukt(原仲裁被申请人)系俄罗斯公司,被告Ameropa AG(原仲裁申请人)系瑞士公司。2018年6月21日,LLC Agronefteprodukt作为卖方与Ameropa AG作为买方签订了4万吨的俄罗斯小麦粉的销售合同。2018年7月10日,卖方与买方再次签订另外一份含有相同条款的2.5万吨的小麦粉销售合同。两份合同均含有根据谷物及饲料贸易协会(GAFTA)第125号仲裁规则在伦敦进行的仲裁条款。
2018年8月30日,两份合同均出现争议,买方向卖方发出了一个仲裁通知(Notice of Arbitration),告知其已任命一名仲裁员,要求卖方任命第二名仲裁员。仲裁通知最后一段提议将两个合同项下的争议由同一仲裁庭合并审理(“On a separate note, we wonder if, for efficiency and economy, you would accept the two contracts/disputes be adjudicated under a single arbitration and by the same Tribunal.”)。卖方未就仲裁通知进行回复,2018年9月14日GAFTA替卖方任命了仲裁员。之后卖方表示愿意协商解决争议,2018年11月16日双方签订勾销协议。勾销协议指向前述两份买卖合同,并同样约定适用英国法和GAFTA仲裁。勾销协议约定买方减少其请求金额,且卖方在规定日期内全额支付金额后,买方将撤回其仲裁请求,否则买方有权终止勾销协议并就其全部损失继续进行仲裁(“In the event that the Settlement Sum is not fully paid within the agreed periods, Buyers will be entitled to terminate this Agreement and to continue the Claim in arbitration for the full value of their loss...”)。
卖方最终未能履行勾销协议,买方则继续进行仲裁。2019年5月24日,卖方向GAFTA主张仲裁庭没有管辖权,因为买方未能就两个买卖合同分别提请仲裁,其错误的在未获得卖方同意的情况下请求了合并仲裁。GAFTA仲裁庭(First Tier GAFTA Tribunal)驳回了卖方的异议,其认为卖方未就买方在仲裁通知中有关合并仲裁的提议进行回应构成了对其异议权利的放弃。GAFTA上诉庭(Board of Appeal)则基于勾销协议维持了该决定,其认为卖方对勾销协议中有关单一仲裁的接受构成了对其异议权利的放弃。
卖方向法院提起诉讼,其主张买方发出的仲裁通知是无效的,因为该通知试图非法地将两个请求合并到一个仲裁中进行。合并仲裁程序本身并非不可能,但GAFTA第125号仲裁规则第1.1款、1.7款规定合并程序必须得到双方的同意,卖方主张从来都没与达成该合意。卖方请求法院判令GAFTA仲裁庭和上诉庭的裁决无效,因为其均无管辖权。
2、法院认定
关于仲裁通知的解释。法院指出1996年英国仲裁法第14条4款对仲裁通知没有特定的形式要求。在The Biz [2011] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 688案中,Hamblen法官陈述了有关仲裁通知的如下原则:
(1)英国仲裁法第14条应当进行宽泛且弹性的解释以避免采取严格的或法律立场("When asking whether the requirement of section 14 have been complied with, one should interpret section 14 broadly and flexibly avoiding a strict or technical approach, especially when the notice has been drafted by non-lawyers.”);
(2)如果仲裁通知可以明确标的争议,并且清晰的呈现通知人将该争议提交仲裁的意思表示,则通常都能满足第14条的要求("The requirements of section 14 will generally be satisfied if the notice sufficiently identifies the dispute to which it relates and makes clear that the person giving notice is intending to refer the dispute to arbitration.”);
(3)在考虑是否满足第14条的要求时,应更多的关注通知的实质而非其形式,并考虑一个理性的人在收到仲裁通知时将会如何根据其术语和内容理解该通知("In considering whether these requirements are met, one should concentrate on the substance rather than the form of the notice and consider how a reasonable person in the position of the recipient would have understood the notice given its terms and the context in which it was written.”)。
卖方主张仲裁通知表明了买方开启一个单一仲裁的意图(evidenced an intention to commence a single arbitration),因为仲裁通知中中使用的“仲裁条款”(“the arbitration clause”)、“仲裁员”("an arbitrator”)以及“在伦敦仲裁”("arbitration in London”)等术语均使用单数而非复数。法院则认为,对仲裁通知的解释要更多的从其实质而非其形式进行出发。其指出仲裁通知的最后一段,即买方提议进行合并仲裁这段最为关键,该段表明除非仲裁通知拟开启两个仲裁,否则最后一段的这个请求就没有意义了("As was submitted by the Buyers, this request makes no sense unless the Notice is commencing two arbitrations, and indeed is the premise on which the request is made.”)。法院最终认为仲裁通知有效的开启了两个单独的仲裁程序。
关于仲裁通知的修正(rectification)。卖方提出了仲裁通知修正的问题,其认为如果通知应当解释为开启两项仲裁,那么买方在仲裁程序中提交请求和答辩的过程中表达的立场则是其认为只有一项争议,且其意图通过一个仲裁通知来开启一项单一的仲裁。卖方主张仲裁通知应当进行修正以反映买方的这个意图。买方则指出,其在向GAFTA提交的一些材料中提到的有关双方之间只有一项争端(“one dispute”)的主张的依据是基于勾销协议两个买卖合同已经有效地融合。买方还指出修正原则(doctrine of rectification)不适用于仲裁通知。
法院指出,当书面文件不能正确的表达书写者的真实意图时,法院可以对该文件进行修正,且该文件不仅限于合同("Rectification by the court is available, it is submitted, where any written instrument does not correctly record the true intentions of the person or persons making it and it is not confined to contracts.”)。
法院强调在英国法下,法院可以基于两种情形对文件进行修正:共同的错误(common mistake)和单方错误(unilateral mistake)。卖方指出本案中不存在共同的错误,因为一方主张仲裁通知拟提起单一仲裁,另一方则主张拟提起两项仲裁。但其认为买方在起草仲裁通知的时候存在单一的错误,因此法院应当将取消仲裁通知最后一段对两个争议的提及,代之以对一个争议的引用(reverse the reference to two disputes and substitute a reference to one dispute)。法院则认为本案中不存在需要修正的情形,因为给出仲裁通知的买方否认存在任何的错误。法院还指出了本案中不需要修正的另外一个理由,即修正是一项衡平救济(an equitable remedy)。本案中当事方签署了勾销协议,且卖方同意在其不支付价款的情况下买方可以继续进行诉讼,如果对仲裁通知进行修正进而使得仲裁庭无管辖权将是明显的不公平("Rectification is an equitable remedy, and it would plainly be inequitable to rectify this Notice and decide that the tribunal had nojurisdiction when, subsequent to the Notice, the parties signed the Washout Agreement by which the Sellers agreed that the Buyers were to be entitled to continue with the arbitration should the settlement sum not be paid.”)。
关于买方是否被禁反言。卖方主张买方不得争辩说仲裁通知启动了两项仲裁,因为卖方做出的各种陈述使得仲裁程序中产生了一个共同的假设,即该通知旨在启动一项仲裁。因此卖方的观点是买方在仲裁程序和诉讼程序中采取了不同的立场。法院则认为,勾销协议约定在卖方不支付价款的情况下买方可以继续进行诉讼,这明显的表明买方可以基于该协议对抗基于任何理由的的管辖权异议(“It is obvious that the Buyers would rely on this agreement, and contest any supposed lack of jurisdiction, whatever the precise arguments deployed.”)。
关于卖方是否被禁反言。买方指出基于勾销协议,存在着协议禁反言(estoppel by convention)。法院指出最高法院在最近的Tinklerv Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Custom [2021] UKSC 39案中确认了协议禁反言适用的原则,即必须存在一个各方明确认同的共同假设,且声称禁止反言的一方必须证明在当事人之间随后的某些交易中,其依赖于该假设(“There must be a common assumption expressly shared by the parties, and something must be shown to have crossed the line sufficient to manifest an assent to the assumption. The party alleging the estoppel must show that it has relied on the assumption to its detriment in connection with some subsequent mutual dealing between the parties.”)。
法院指出在签订勾销协议时,卖方并没有主张仲裁通知是无效的,当事方是基于这样的假设,即如果卖方没有按照勾销协议支付约定的金额,仲裁程序将重启。这是双方的共同理解,卖方正是基于此才签订勾销协议(“The Buyers’ case is that at the time of the Washout Agreement, the Sellers had not suggested that the Notice of Arbitration was invalid, and the parties proceeded on the basis that if the settlement sum was not paid, the arbitration which by then had been started could be resumed. That was the parties’ common understanding, on which the Buyers relied by entering into the agreement.”)。法院因此认为在签订勾销协议时,双方存在有关仲裁通知系有效且/或仲裁程序已经合理的开始这样一个默示的共同合意。若卖方在当时提出异议,则买方将不会同意签署该协议("I agree with the Buyers that in these circumstances there was an implicit common understanding between the parties at the time the Washout Agreement was concluded that the Notice was valid and/or that the arbitration had been properly commenced upon which the Buyers relied by entering into the Washout Agreement. As was pointed out on behalf of the Buyers, had the Sellers suggested otherwise at the time, the Buyers would never have agreed.”)。法院最终认为,通过无保留的签署勾销协议,卖方现在不能再反悔该共同的同意。
3、结论与评价
法院最终认为仲裁通知有效的开启了两个仲裁程序,不存在对仲裁通知进行修正的必要。买方可以基于勾销协议对抗基于任何理由的管辖权异议,卖方则在勾销协议下具有禁反言义务,其不得反悔有关仲裁通知系有效且/或仲裁程序已经合理的开始这样一个默示的共同合意。本案中法院处理的是仲裁通知的有效性和仲裁庭的管辖权问题,而在之前的两个仲裁程序中,GAFTA仲裁庭和上诉庭则认为卖方未对仲裁通知提出异议且签署勾销协议的行为构成了对合并进行两个合同下的仲裁程序的同意。因此,不管是通过默示的同意还是通过明示的协议,禁反言是本案法院和仲裁庭进行裁决的核心依据。