案例概要:
2022年6月7日,香港高等法院上诉法庭就C v. D [2022] HKCA 729案作出判决。法院认为,当事人是否履行了仲裁前置协商程序属于仲裁请求的可受理性问题,其不涉及仲裁庭的管辖权。可受理性问题由仲裁庭作出决定,该决定是终局的,法院不能进行审查。
案件背景:
原告C系香港公司,被告D系泰国公司,双方均是商业卫星运营商。鉴于中国和泰国对轨道槽分别拥有一定的频率优先权,C和D签订了一份在轨道槽发展、建设和发射卫星的协议(以下简称“协议”)。根据协议,C负责A卫星的采购,包括其设计、建造和发射。A卫星含有28个转发器,C和D分别持有一半。约定在出现紧急或者为了卫星之安全的情况下,C可以控制整个卫星。
协议第14条系争议解决条款。根据第14.1款,协议适用香港法律,但不包含任何法域的冲突法原则。根据第14.2款,若出现争议,当事人应试图善意地通过协商进行解决;每一方均可以书面通知另一方将争议提交各当事方的首席执行官进行解决,首席执行官或其授权代表应当自书面请求后的10个工作日内会面,并努力通过协商解决争议。根据第14.3款,如果争议不能在当事人书面请求协商后的60个工作日或当事人另行约定的期限内进行友好解决,该争议将适用UNCITRAL规则在HKIAC进行解决。
2014年卫星发射,2016年双方产生争议,理由是D持有的转发器将部分视频信号传入到中国,而该视频内容在中国的广播需要中国广电总局的批准。2016年,广电总局要求C采取措施保证所有外国电视信号都不得传入中国,C则向D发出通知,要求根据协议第6.3款b项停止其视频广播。D则认为其没有义务履行C的要求,因为该要求并非是协议第6.3款b项下的停止特定广播内容的情形。
争议最终提交仲裁,仲裁庭于2017年10月作出有利于D的裁决。D试图恢复电视广播,C再次要求停止广播,但双方协商无果,C最终停止了转发器的视频传输。D认为C的行为构成对协议的拒绝履行。2018年12月,D的首席执行官向C的主席发送了一封信件,主张C的行为构成对协议的拒绝履行,要求C重新开启转发器,D未就该信件进行回应。双方均未根据协议第14.2款、14.3款将争议书面提交各方的首席执行官进行协商解决。2019年4月,D根据协议第14.3款向C发出仲裁通知,C主张当事人未根据协议第14.2款、14.3款进行协商,因此仲裁庭不具有管辖权。
2020年1月,仲裁庭就管辖权问题作出部分裁决。仲裁庭认为,协议第14.2款第一句要求当事人试图通过协商解决争议的规定是强制性的,但第二句要求将争议提交给各方的首席执行官是可选择的。协议第14.3款下的60个工作日的协商期要求已经通过D向C发送的信件得到满足。仲裁庭因此驳回了C的管辖权异议,并认为C有义务向D赔偿损失。
2020年5月,C请求原审法院认定仲裁庭无权作出部分裁决,并根据《香港仲裁条例》第81条撤销该部分裁决。《香港仲裁条例》第81条纳入了《仲裁示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)下的撤销仲裁裁决的情形,即“裁决处理的争议不是提交仲裁意图裁定的事项或不在提交仲裁的范围之列,或者裁决书中内含对提交仲裁的范围以外事项的决定......”(the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration...)。
法院认定:
双方当事人没有争议的是,协议第14.3款设置了一个提请仲裁的前提,即在当事人书面请求协商后的60个工作日内进行友好解决。但C主张,根据协议第14.2款第2句,当事人未向首席执行官出具解决争议的书面通知;D则主张其向C发送的信件满足了第14.2款第1句的要求。D进一步主张,该前提涉及的是“可受理性”(admissibility)问题,而非“管辖权”(jurisdiction)问题,法院不应当对仲裁庭就该问题的决定进行干涉。
原审法院认为,C提出的异议涉及的更多是仲裁请求的可受理性问题,而非仲裁庭的管辖权问题。因此,该异议不涉及《香港仲裁条例》第81条援引的《仲裁示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条下的撤销仲裁裁决的情形。2021年8月, C就原审法院判决提起上诉。
为确定部分裁决下的争议是否属于《仲裁示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条下的提交仲裁的事项范围,上诉法院首先考察了“可受理性”与“管辖权”之间的区别。上诉法院认为,该二者之间的区别在判例法和学术著作中都得到了明确的确认。
在Republic of Sierra Leone v SL Mining Ltd [2021] Bus LR 704案中,相关争议解决条款约定,在一方当事人向另一方当事人书面通知友好解决争议之日起三个月内未能达成友好解决,任何一方可以将争议提交给由三位仲裁员组成的仲裁庭解决(in the vent that the parties shall be unable to reach an amicable settlement within a period of three months from a written notice by one party to the other specifying the nature of the dispute and seeking an amicable settlement, either party may submit the matter to the exclusive jurisdiction of a Board of three Arbitrators...)。裁决作出后,当事人以未经过三个月的协商期就提交仲裁对裁决提出管辖权异议。英国法院认为存在请求不可受理和仲裁员无权受理请求之间的区分,之后后者才允许一方当事人根据《英国仲裁法》第67条就管辖权提出异议(there was a distinction between a challenge that a claim was not admissible before arbitrators (admissibility) and a challenge that the arbitrators had no jurisdiction to heare a claim (jurisdiction), and that only the latter was available to a party under s 67...)。同样的,在NWA V NVF [2021] EWHC 2666 (Comm)案中,相关协议约定当事人应当首先寻求调解相关争议,英国法院认为仲裁条款这样的约定涉及的并非是管辖权,应为在大多数案件中即使争议未能在仲裁前置程序中解决,其仍然是相同的争议,未遵守仲裁前置程序并不影响其属于当事人拟提交仲裁解决的争议(To give an arbitration clause such as this a commercial construction so that pre-arbitration procedural requirements are not jurisdictional is appropriate because, in most cases, if a dispute is not settled in the pre-arbitration procedure, it remains the same dispute, so non-compliance with the pre-arbitration procedure does not affect whether it is a dispute of the kind which the parties agreed to submit to arbitration)。
在BBA v BAZ [2020] SGCA 53案中,涉及因仲裁请求的提出超出期限而申请撤销仲裁裁决。新加坡上诉法院认为将适用新加坡法律来决定该期限限制是属于管辖权问题还是可仲裁性问题,而期限限制问题涉及的是可仲裁性而非管辖权问题,其应当由仲裁庭而非法院进行认定,因此该问题不能由法院在撤裁程序中进行审查(...Singapore law governed the question of whether limitation should be classified as going towards jurisdiction or admissibility, and that issues of time bar which arose from the expiry of statutory limitation periods went towards admissibility, not jurisdiction,and thus were matters for the tribunal and not the court to decide. Consequently, such issues could not be reviewed de novo by the seat court in setting aside applications.)。在BTN v BTP [2020] SGCA 105案中,涉及到仲裁庭阻止当事人就存在在先判决发表辩论意见而申请撤销仲裁裁决。新加坡上诉法院拒绝了撤销裁决申请,理由是仲裁庭有关在先判决之既判力效力涉及的并非是管辖权问题,而是可受理性问题(The court rejected the setting aside application, holding that a tribunal’s decision on the res judicata effect of a prior decision was not a decision on jurisdiction, but a decision on admissibility.)
在BG Group plc v Republic of Argentina 134 S Ct 1198 (2014)案中,美国最高法院指出,法院通常推定的是当事人意图让法院而非仲裁员来决定争议的“可仲裁庭”,以及让仲裁员而非法院来决定进行仲裁的特定程序性前提的含义和适用(…generally courts presume that parties intend that (i) courts, not arbitrators, to decide disputes about ‘arbitrability’, but (ii)arbitrators, not courts, to decide disputes about the meaning and application of particular procedural preconditions for the use of arbitration)。本案中,相关条款约定只有在争议提交给当地法庭的18个月之后,且法庭未作出裁决,当事人才可以提交仲裁。最高法院认为该条款规定的是进行仲裁的合同义务何时产生,而非是否存在进行仲裁的合同义务,因此其是一项由仲裁员而非法院进行解释和适用的程序性要求(It was held that the provision determined when the contractual duty to arbitrate arose, not whether there was a contractual duty to arbitrate at all, and consequently it was purely procedural requirement which was for arbitrators, not courts, primarily to interpret and to apply.)。
在Kinli Civil Engineering Ltd v Geotech Engineering Ltd [2021] HKCFI 2503案中,仲裁条款约定,仲裁应当在完成主合同或确定分包合同之后进行(…arbitration shall not be conducted before either the completion of the main contract or the determination of the subcontract)。法院认为,当事人是否履行了行使仲裁权的程序或条件属于仲裁请求的可受理性问题,法院无权就该问题进行认定,其不涉及仲裁庭的管辖权。可受理性问题由仲裁庭作出决定,该决定是终局的,法院不能进行审查(The question of whether a party has complied with the procedure or conditions qs to the exercise of the right to arbitrate, as set out in an arbitration agreement, is a question of admissibility of the claim, and the Court has no role to play in relation to such a question, as it does not go to the question of the jurisdiction of the tribunal. It is for the tribunal to decide on admissibility and such decision of the tribunal is final, and not for review by the Court)。在T v B [2021] HKCFI 3645案中,当事人请求撤销仲裁裁决,理由是仲裁的提出未满足仲裁条款约定的条件,即争议通知应当在主建设合同取得完工许可之后提出。法院认为,是否满足仲裁前置程序涉及的是可受理性问题而非仲裁庭的管辖权问题,因此法院无权审查仲裁庭的决定(The question of compliance or non-compliance with the pre-arbitration procedures in that case was one going to the admissibility of the claim rather than the jurisdiction of the tribunal, and thus the tribunal’s decision was not subject to review by the court)。
此外,法院还列举了众多的权威学术著作。法院最终认为,存在大量的司法实践和学术意见支持管辖权问题和可受理性问题之间的区分,未履行仲裁前程序性条件,例如在先协商,其属于仲裁请求的可受理性问题,而非仲裁庭的管辖权问题(In summary, there is a substantial body of judicial and academic jurisprudence which supports the drawing of a distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility…and the view that non-compliance with procedural pre-arbitration conditions such as a requirement to engage in prior negotiations goes to admissibility of the claim rather than the tribunal’s jurisdiction.)。
C主张没有必须区分可受理性和管辖权,法院仅需考察裁决涉及的争议是否属于提交仲裁的范围。法院认为,区分该二者对于解释《示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条具有重要意义。虽然该二者的区分不能直接写入第34(2)(a)(iii)条,但根据该条的措词可以得出的适当解读是,涉及仲裁请求可受理性而非管辖权的争议应当被视为是第34(2)(a)(iii)条下的提交仲裁的范围(In our view, while the distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility cannot be written directly into Art 34(2)(a)(iii), it can be given proper recognition though the route of statutory construction, namely, that a dispute which goes to the admissibility of a claim rather than the jurisdiction of the tribunal should be regarded as a dispute falling within the terms of the submissions to arbitration under Art 34(2)(a)(iii))。但法院还是强调,“可受理性”和“管辖权”之间的区分最终还是由当事人的协议来决定的,因为最终还是由当事人通过合意来确定可以提交仲裁的范围。
法院还指出,即使不对可受理性和管辖权进行区分,从《示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条的语言表述方面也可以得出同样的结论。法院认为,明显地当事人就仲裁前置程序的履行问题属于第34(2)(a)(iii)条下的提交仲裁的范围。协议第14.3条使用的是“任何”争议,没有理由将第14.3条下的可仲裁的争议限制在与协议相关的实体争议而排除第14.2条、14.3条下的仲裁前置要求(We consider it to be clear that the dispute between the parties on the question of fulfilment of the pre-arbitration procedural requirement under Clauses 14.2 and 14.3 is a dispute falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration under Art 34(2)(a)(iii)…There is no reason to confine the scope of arbitrable disputes under Clause 14.3 to substantive disputes arising out of or in relation to the Agreement, and exclude from it disputes on whether the pre-arbitration procedural requirement under Clauses 14.2 and 14.3 has been fulfilled)。法院还强调,对于一个理性的商人,其更多的是倾向于将任何争议提交相同的法庭进行裁决,对协议条款的解读应当根据该假设进行,除非明确约定将特定问题排除在仲裁庭的管辖权之外(…the construction of an arbitration clause should start from the assumption that the parties, as rational businessmen, are likely to have intended any dispute arising out of their relationship into which they have entered or purported to enter to be decided by the same tribunal. The clause should be construed in accordance with this presumption unless the language makes it clear that certain questions were intended to be excluded from the arbitrator’s jurisdiction.)
综上,上诉法院最终拒绝了C有关部分裁决处理的问题不属于仲裁范围的主张,因此部分裁决不属于《示范法》第34(2)(a)(iii)条下的裁决撤销对象。
总结与评析:
在仲裁前置程序明确表述为其具有强制性时,当事人将必须遵守该前置性程序,之后再提起仲裁。但在很多情况下,仲裁前置程序并非是强制性的,在这种情况下申请人可能在未履行该前置性程序的情况下就提起仲裁。比如,当事人仅仅是约定了在仲裁前进行协商,对其约束力仍然是存在争议的。法院对可受理性和管辖权问题进行区分符合限制司法干预的原则,可以最大限度的支持仲裁。但鉴于仲裁属于当事人意思自治的范畴,正如本案上诉法院强调的,当事人仍然可以明确约定将仲裁前置协商程序纳入仲裁事项范围。